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Dystonia and Parkinson’s disease: Do they have a shared biology?
Parkinsonism and dystonia are among the most common movement disorders encountered by neurologists. The motor syndrome of ...
Physiology of dystonia: Human studies
Over the last two decades disease models of dystonia have been dominated by the notion that inhibition and plasticity are ...
What have we learned about the biology of dystonia from deep brain stimulation?
Available online 22 May 2023Author links open overlay panelAbstractDeep brain stimulation has dramatically changed the man...
How does botulinum toxin really work?
Botulinum toxin (BoNT), a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, is one of the most powerful biologic...
Physiology of Dystonia: Animal Studies
Dystonia is a complex neurological disorder that is defined clinically by the presence of abnormal involuntary movements (...
How and why the adenosine A2A receptor became a target for Parkinson’s disease therapy
There is no doubt that dopaminergic replacement therapy in Parkinson’s disease has had a major impact on the control of mo...
Dystonia genes and their biological pathways
Dystonia describes a common class of movement disorders defined by manifestation of involuntary repetitive muscle contract...
The adenosine A2A receptor in the basal ganglia: Expression, heteromerization, functional selectivity and signalling
Approximately, 34% of all drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration target 108 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs...
Effects of adenosine A2A receptors on cognitive function in health and disease
Understanding how the brain processes information, stores new knowledge, and uses experience and other inputs to alter its...
Adenosine A2A receptors and sleep
The need for sleep, also known as sleep drive, has remained mysterious at the cellular and neurological levels. Classical ...
The functional anatomy of dystonia: Recent developments
Dystonia has traditionally been viewed as a disorder of the basal ganglia (Galardi et al., 1996, Naumann et al., 1998), ye...
Adult-onset focal dystonias: To lump or split
The dystonias consist of a group of disorders characterized by excessive muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures ...
Dystonia and tremor: Do they have a shared biology?
Dystonia and tremor are two common hyperkinetic movement disorders. As per an international consensus committee’s recommen...
Neuromodulation and quality of life for patient with spasticity after spinal cord injury
Advances of the modern medicine require reconceptualization of the existing approaches to therapy of neurological diseases...
Chapter One - Metabotropic glutamate receptors in Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra compacta (SNc), ...
Chapter Two - The interaction of membrane estradiol receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors in adaptive and maladaptive estradiol-mediated motivated behaviors in females
Motivated behaviors are those which occur in pursuit of a goal. At the most fundamental level, motivated behaviors are tho...
Chapter Three - Metabotropic glutamate receptor function and regulation of sleep-wake cycles
The word “sleep” holds different meaning and emotional weight for different individuals. While many people undergo an easy...
Chapter Four - The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in neurobehavioral effects associated with methamphetamine use
Resurgence refers to the reappearance of an extinguished operant behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior i...
Chapter Five - The role of mGlu receptors in susceptibility to stress-induced anhedonia, fear, and anxiety-like behavior
Exposure to stressors is nearly inevitable over the course of the human lifespan. Exposure to a severe stressor, or trauma...
Chapter Six - The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 as a biomarker for psychiatric disorders
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, and glutamatergic neurot...
Chapter Seven - Sex differences and hormonal regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor synaptic plasticity
Sex differences in the incidence, presentation, and treatment responses of several psychiatric and substance use disorders...
Chapter Eight - Roles of metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are a family of eight subtypes (mGlu1–8) that are subdivided into three functional...
Chapter Nine - Metabotropic glutamate receptors and cognition: From underlying plasticity and neuroprotection to cognitive disorders and therapeutic targets
Phencyclidine (PCP) use is anecdotally associated with agitation and injury and is frequently tested for in the setting of...
Metabotropic glutamate receptor function and regulation of sleep-wake cycles
The word “sleep” holds different meaning and emotional weight for different individuals. While many people undergo an easy...
The interaction of membrane estradiol receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors in adaptive and maladaptive estradiol-mediated motivated behaviors in females
Motivated behaviors are those which occur in pursuit of a goal. At the most fundamental level, motivated behaviors are tho...
The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in neurobehavioral effects associated with methamphetamine use
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are expressed throughout the central nervous system and act as important regulator...
The role of mGlu receptors in susceptibility to stress-induced anhedonia, fear, and anxiety-like behavior
Exposure to stressors is nearly inevitable over the course of the human lifespan. Exposure to a severe stressor, or trauma...
Introduction: Unraveling the complex contributions of indigenous microbes to neurological health and disease
The complex interactions between the human body and its indigenous microbes have come into focus as key mediators of neuro...
Chapter One - Intersections of the microbiome and early neurodevelopment
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) reports that approximately 60–70 million peop...
Chapter Two - Microbiome influences on neuro-immune interactions in neurodegenerative disease
It is becoming increasingly evident that many neurological disorders and diseases, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD...
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