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Fluid and electrolyte balance in children
Fluid and electrolyte balance in children
When considering intravenous fluids for children, one must first consider that enteral fluids are the preferred option and...
Sustainability in anaesthesia
Sustainability in anaesthesia
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Ethics of clinical trials
Ethics of clinical trials
Clinical research is essential to modern evidence-based medicine. The potential for human harm must be minimized and balan...
Intraosseous cannulation in children
Intraosseous cannulation in children
Intraosseous (IO) cannulation involves accessing the medullary cavity of long bones to allow the infusion of fluids and ad...
Emerging ethical challenges in healthcare in the 21st century
Emerging ethical challenges in healthcare in the 21st century
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Transporting critically ill children
Transporting critically ill children
The centralization of paediatric critical care services in most developed countries has seen an increase in the need for c...
Thyroid disease and thyroid surgery
Thyroid disease and thyroid surgery
Hypothyroidism is characterized by a deficiency of thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism is 10 times more common in women than m...
Perioperative management of diabetes
Perioperative management of diabetes
Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders where defective insulin secretion, inadequate response to insulin, or both, res...
Clinical aspects of endocrinology: parathyroid and adrenal cortex disorders
Clinical aspects of endocrinology: parathyroid and adrenal cortex disorders
The parathyroid glands are a key regulator of calcium homeostasis, which is necessary for appropriate functioning of most ...
Anaesthesia in obese patients
Anaesthesia in obese patients
Obesity is increasingly prevalent within the UK population and in the long term presents a significant burden on healthcar...
Hormonal control of metabolism: regulation of plasma glucose
Hormonal control of metabolism: regulation of plasma glucose
Glucose, an essential nutrient for living organisms, functions not only as a rich source of potential energy, but also as ...
Homeostasis in dynamic self-regulatory physiological systems
Homeostasis in dynamic self-regulatory physiological systems
Understanding the general principles of homeostasis and its regulation in health and disease is key to managing patients i...
Starvation, exercise and the stress response
Starvation, exercise and the stress response
Starvation, exercise and the stress response have a physiological impact on the body. Many patients are malnourished, have...
Thyroid, parathyroid hormones and calcium homeostasis
Thyroid, parathyroid hormones and calcium homeostasis
The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) rele...
Pituitary, adrenal and thyroid dysfunction
Pituitary, adrenal and thyroid dysfunction
Prolactin may be raised due to various causes including physiological states (pregnancy, breastfeeding, macroprolactin), m...
Anaesthesia for obesity surgery
Anaesthesia for obesity surgery
Safety brief, equipment and positioning: The safety brief performed at the start the operating list is crucial to allow di...
Adrenocortical hormones
Adrenocortical hormones
The adrenal glands are located superomedial to the kidneys, attached to the diaphragm by renal fascia. Each gland measures...
Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma
Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma
Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas are rare catecholamine-secreting tumours. Phaeochromocytoma arises from the chromaff...
The pancreas
The pancreas
The endocrine portion of the pancreas consist of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans which vary in size range of...
Gastric disorders: modifications of gastric content, antacids and drugs influencing gastric secretions and motility
Airway protection is an important consideration of the anaesthetist and intensive care physician, and as such an understan...
Sedation for dental procedures
Sedation is a technique that can be employed to assist selected patients to undergo dental procedures that may otherwise b...
Central nervous system stimulants: basic pharmacology and relevance to anaesthesia and critical care
Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants (‘analeptics’) provoke cortical, brainstem and spinal cord excitation. This allows...
Perioperative cardiac optimization
Role of anaesthetists in perioperative care is growing rapidly. Among all the important considerations in preoperative ass...
Frailty assessment in the preoperative setting
In the TUG test, the individual rises from a chair of standardized height, walks a fixed distance of three metres, turns, ...
Prehabilitation
Successful surgery is not only dependent on the operation alone, but also whether the patient can return to a physical and...
Drugs and the liver
The liver is a major organ with multiple functions. A number of drugs are metabolized by the liver during phase 1 and 2 re...
Clinical aspects of hepatic disease
Chronic hepatitis B and C infections remain the most common causes of hepatic disease worldwide. The World Health Organiza...
Conscientious objection
‘Even if I write these words with my hands in chains, I still find that much better than if my will were in chains.’1These...
Negligence
Medical negligence cases are uncommon, but have significant impacts on both NHS funding as well as personal and profession...
Suction devices
Suction devices are integral to the safe delivery of anaesthesia and critical care. They are involved in clearing and aspi...
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