This study was approved by the ethics committee of Ruhr-University Bochum (approval nr. 23-7809). At the time of data analysis, most patients were deceased, therefore obtaining informed consent was not possible; also, obtaining informed consent was not required by the ethics committee for this study due to the use of retrospective and anonymized data. Additionally, several of the patients in this study were also included in local registries and had previously consented to data use for research purposes.

Ina Pretzell is an editorial board member of the Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. Timm M Reissig has received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb. Janna-Lisa Velthaus has received honoraria from Roche, Janssen and Sanofi. Annabel Alig has received travel reimbursement from Nordic, Servier, Merck, MSD, Pierre-Fabre, Roche, AMGEN and Daiichi Sankyo and honoria by MSD, Servier, Merck, Pierre-Fabre, Roche, AMGEN and BMS. Annika Kurreck served on advisory boards for Merck and MSD; has received honoraria from AMGEN, Servier, Taiho, Takeda and Merck; and has received travel grants by AMGEN, medac, Jazz, Merck and Servier. Klara Dorman has received honoraria from AstraZeneca; and has received travel reimbursement from Servier, GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol-Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca. Celine Lugnier has received honoraria from TAIHO. Anna Saborowski has received honoraria from BMS, Roche, Servier, Ipsen, Lilly, AstraZeneca, MSD and Eisai; has received travel reimbursement by Ipsen, Servier, Pierre-Fabre, MSD, Eisai; and served on advisory boards for Eisai, MSD, Roche and Incyte. AV reports consulting fees, honoraria, and participation in advisory or data safety monitoring boards for AstraZeneca, Amgen, BeiGene, Boehringer Mannheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, BTG, Daichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Incyte, Ipsen, MSD, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Servier, Sirtex, Tahio, and Terumo; honoraria from GSK, Imaging Equipment (AAA), and Jiangsu Hengrui Medicines; and support for attending meetings or travel from Roche, MSD, and Astellas. Sebastian Lange served as speaker for AstraZeneca, Janssen-Cilag and MSD; served on advisory boards for AstraZeneca and Taiho; and has received research funding from Illumina. Maximilian Reichert has received honoraria from Celgene, Falk, Roche and Servier. Kirsten Utpatel has received honoraria from Roche, Amgen, MSD, Lilly, Stemline and BMS. Heiko Becker has received honoraria from BMS, GSK, MSD, Merck, Roche and Servier. Klaus Wethmar has received honoraria from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, MSD, Merck, Pierre Fabre and Amgen; and served on advisory boards for Amgen and Takeda. Anke Reinacher-Schick has received honoraria from Amgen, Roche, Merck Serono, Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, MCI and AstraZeneca; served on advisory boards for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Aurikamed, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Serono, MSD, Pierre Fabre, Roche and Servier; has received travel support from Amgen, MSD, Pierre Fabre, Roche; and has received research funding from Roche, Celgene, Ipsen, Amgen, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Astra Zeneca, Lilly, Servier, AIO Studien gGmbH, Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Erytech Pharma and BioNTech. Christoph Benedikt Westphalen has received honoraria from Amgen, Bayer, BMS, Chugai, Celgene, Falk, GSK, MSD, Merck, Janssen, Ipsen, Roche, Servier, SIRTeX, and Taiho; served on advisory boards for Bayer, BMS, Celgene, Janssen, MSD, Servier, Shire/Baxalta, Rafael Pharmaceuticals, RedHill, and Roche; has received travel support by Bayer, Celgene, Janssen, RedHill, Roche, Servier, and Taiho, has received institutional research grants by Roche, is a member of the EU Commission expert group Mission Board for cancer, is a member of the forum #Zukunftsstrategie of the German government and is an editorial board member of the Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. David Witte, Alexander Stein, Hanibal Bohnenberger, Maren Knödler, Sabrina Sulzer, Georg Beyer, Tabea Fröhlich, Stefanie Hegenberg, Franziska Flade, Lioba Klaas and Annalen Bleckmann have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.