From the aSchool of Occupational and Public Health, Faculty of Community Services, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

bDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

cFaculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

dDivision of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Submitted April 20, 2023; accepted November 21, 2023

The results reported herein correspond to specific aims of the Healthy Cities Intervention Research Grant (FRN 170267) to investigator M.A.H. from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. This work was also supported by the Toronto Metropolitan University Faculty of Community Services Publication Grant (2022), also to M.A.H.

Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Supplemental digital content is available through direct URL citations in the HTML and PDF versions of this article (www.epidem.com).

The Statistics Canada microdata files used in this study contain sensitive information that cannot be shared publicly or outside of the secure physical location provided by the Research Data Centre (RDC) program. Approved researchers who need to access the data must comply with strict confidentiality guidelines and carry out their research within the secure physical location of the RDC. These measures ensure that the privacy of individuals and organizations included in the data is protected while allowing researchers to analyze it securely.

Correspondence: Michael Branion-Calles, Research Pavilion, 828 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC Canada V5Z 1M9. E-mail: [email protected].