From the aDepartment of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY

bDepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY

cDivision of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

dCenter for Data Science, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC

eDepartment of Epidemiology, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY

fSchool of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY

gDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL.

Submitted February 9, 2023; accepted November 28, 2023

This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health through the NIH HEAL Initiative under award numbers UM1DA049417 (Ohio), UM1DA049412 (New York), UM1DA049394 (RTI) and R01DA047994 (RTI).

K.M.K., C.R. and M.C. have received compensation for consultation on behalf of plaintiff counties in the National Prescription Opioid Litigation. Other authors report no conflicts of interest.

The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or its NIH HEAL Initiative.

Supplemental digital content is available through direct URL citations in the HTML and PDF versions of this article (www.epidem.com).

A supplemental digital video is available at: https://links.lww.com/EDE/C137

This study protocol (Pro00038088) was approved by Advarra Inc., the HEALing Communities Study single Institutional Review Board (sIRB).

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04111939.

Correspondence: Magdalena Cerdá, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue 5th floor, New York, NY 10016. E-mail: [email protected].