From the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S.), LAC+USC Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.C.), UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California; Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Emergency Surgery, and Burns, Department of Surgery (B.J.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona; Coalition for National Trauma Research (M.A.P.), San Antonio, Texas; Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery (A.C.B.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky; and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery (E.R.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Submitted: October 25, 2022, Revised: November 10, 2022, Accepted: November 15, 2022, Published online: December 14, 2022.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Morgan Schellenberg, MD, MPH, FRCSC, FACS, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, LAC + USC Medical Center, University of Southern California, 2051 Marengo Street, Inpatient Tower, C5L100, Los Angeles, CA 90033; email: [email protected].