From the Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (R.W.G.D., D.J.B.K., C.E.v.d.B., E.B., N.P.J.), and Department of Intensive Care (R.W.G.D., C.E.v.d.B.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam; OLVG Hospital, Department of Intensive Care Medicine (R.W.G.D., N.P.J.), Amsterdam; Erasmus MC, Department of Anesthesiology (D.J.B.K.), Rotterdam; Department of Anesthesiology (C.E.v.d.B., E.B.), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Department of Surgery (L.M.G.G., E.B.), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Traumatology (C.G.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Trauma Sciences (K.B.), Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; NHS Blood and Transplant/Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust (S.S.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Radcliffe Department of Medicine (S.S.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Anesthesiology and Trauma Center (P.I.J., J.S.), Center for Head and Orthopedics, and Section for Transfusion Medicine (P.I.J., J.S.), Capital Region Blood Bank, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Traumatology and Orthopedic Surgery (M.M.), Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany.

Submitted: July 28, 2023, Revised: October 30, 2023, Accepted: November 22, 2023, Published online: December 8, 2023.

This study was presented at the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) at the digital ESICM congress (October 3–6, 2021, digital) and the Wetenschapsdag Heelkunde on October 29, 2021, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Romein W. G. Dujardin, PhD, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; email: [email protected].