From the Department of Emergency Medicine (C.J.H.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Department of Critical Care (C.J.H.), Children's Hospital Colorado; Department of Emergency Medicine (C.C.S., N.C.W., W.G.W., C.P., V.S.B., T.B.H.-H.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Emergency Medicine (P.C.N.), Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (F.C.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Emergency Medicine (S.G.S.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Departments of Anesthesiology (S.G.S.) and Emergency Medicine (S.G.S.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.K.M.), Bethesda, Maryland; and Brooke Army Medical Center (J.K.M.), JBSA, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

Submitted: September 5, 2023, Revised: October 18, 2023, Accepted: October 30, 2023, Published online: November 13, 2023.

This study was presented at the Special Operations Medical Association (SOMA) 2022 Scientific Assembly on May 4, 2022, Raleigh, NC.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Tara B. Hendry-Hofer, RN, MSN, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045; email: [email protected].