Department of Surgery, MedStar Georgetown Washington Hospital Center, (J.M.B.) Washington DC; Department of Surgery (K.D.N., D.T., S.C., C.B., S.T., O.J.-W., C.H., P.M., J.D.), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Pediatrics (M.P.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (V.J.D.M.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; WakeMed Health and Hospitals (M.P.), Raleigh, North Carolina; Lousiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans (A.S.); New Orleans Emergency Medical Services (E.N., T.D., D.R., M.M.); and New Orleans Health Department, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.A.).

Submitted: August 17, 2023, Revised: November 7, 2023, Accepted: December 1, 2023, Published online: January 8, 2024.

This study was presented at the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Annual Conference, September 20–23, 2023 at Anaheim, CA.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Juan Duchesne, MD, FACS, FCCP, FCCM, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1412 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112; email: [email protected].