From the Department of Pediatric Surgery (D.F.L., K.D.B.), John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, New York; Department of Surgery (D.F.L., K.D.B.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (D.F.L., K.N.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Pediatrics (K.M.S.), Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Biostatistics (J.Y.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and Department of Pediatrics (D.Z.K.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.

Submitted: January 10, 2022, Revised: February 22, 2022, Accepted: March 1, 2022, Published online: March 14, 2022.

List of meetings at which the paper will be presented: PTS Annual Meeting, November 2021.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for reprints: Denise F. Lillvis, PhD, MPA, Department of Surgery, 1001 Main Street, 5th Floor Buffalo, NY 14203; email: [email protected].