Younossi ZM, Wong G, Anstee QM, Henry L. The global burden of liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21:1978–91.

Devarbhavi H, Asrani SK, Arab JP, Nartey YA, Pose E, Kamath PS. Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update. J Hepatol. 2023;79:516–37.

Eslam M, Sanyal AJ, George J, Sanyal A, Neuschwander-Tetri B, Tiribelli C, et al. MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2020;158:1999–2014.e1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Teng ML, Ng CH, Huang DQ, Chan KE, Tan DJ, Lim WH, et al. Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29:S32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crabb DW, Im GY, Szabo G, Mellinger JL, Lucey MR. Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol‐associated liver diseases: 2019 practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020;71:306–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, Abdelmalek MF, Caldwell S, Barb D, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77:1797–835.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wertheim JA, Petrowsky H, Saab S, Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Busuttil RW. Major challenges limiting liver transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:1773–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chan AC, Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL, Chan SC, Ng KK, et al. Liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol Int. 2009;3:571–81.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Daniel PB, Walker WH, Habener JF. Cyclic AMP signaling and gene regulation. Annu Rev Nutr. 1998;18:353–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peng T, Qi B, He J, Ke H, Shi J. Advances in the development of phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2020;63:10594–617.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sutherland EW, Rall TW. Fractionation and characterization of a cyclic adenine ribonucleotide formed by tissue particles. J Biol Chem. 1958;232:1077–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zaccolo M, Zerio A, Lobo MJ. Subcellular organization of the cAMP signaling pathway. Pharmacol Rev. 2021;73:278–309.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rehman S, Rahimi N, Dimri M. Biochemistry, G Protein Coupled Receptors. 2023 Jul 30. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

Shi Y, Chen Y, Deng L, Du K, Lu S, Chen T. Structural understanding of peptide-bound G protein-coupled receptors: peptide–target interactions. J Med Chem. 2023;66:1083–111.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calebiro D, Koszegi Z, Lanoiselée Y, Miljus T, O’Brien S. G protein-coupled receptor-G protein interactions: a single-molecule perspective. Physiol Rev. 2021;101:857–906.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Villaseca S, Romero G, Ruiz MJ, Pérez C, Leal JI, Tovar LM, et al. Gαi protein subunit: a step toward understanding its non-canonical mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10:941870.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dalton GD, Dewey WL. Protein kinase inhibitor peptide (PKI): a family of endogenous neuropeptides that modulate neuronal cAMP-dependent protein kinase function. Neuropeptides. 2006;40:23–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bos JL, de Rooij J, Reedquist KA. Rap1 signalling: adhering to new models. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001;2:369–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robichaux WG III, Cheng X. Intracellular cAMP sensor EPAC: physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics development. Physiol Rev. 2018;98:919–1053.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang H, Liu Y, Liu J, Chen J, Wang J, Hua H, et al. cAMP-PKA/EPAC signaling and cancer: the interplay in tumor microenvironment. J Hematol Oncol. 2024;17:5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Azevedo MF, Faucz FR, Bimpaki E, Horvath A, Levy I, de Alexandre RB, et al. Clinical and molecular genetics of the phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Endocr Rev. 2014;35:195–233.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang H, Peng M-S, Chen Y, Geng J, Robinson H, Houslay MD, et al. Structures of the four subfamilies of phosphodiesterase-4 provide insight into the selectivity of their inhibitors. Biochem J. 2007;408:193–201.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lagman D, Franzén IE, Eggert J, Larhammar D, Abalo XM. Evolution and expression of the phosphodiesterase 6 genes unveils vertebrate novelty to control photosensitivity. BMC Evolut Biol. 2016;16:1–20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Padda IS, Tripp J. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors. [Updated 2023 Jun 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. TreasureIsland (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559276/.

Wu C, Rajagopalan S. Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders. Obes Rev. 2016;17:429–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conti M, Richter W, Mehats C, Livera G, Park J-Y, Jin C. Cyclic AMP-specific PDE4 phosphodiesterases as critical components of cyclic AMP signaling. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:5493–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kodimuthali A, Jabaris SSL, Pal M. Recent advances on phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Med Chem. 2008;51:5471–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lagente V, Martin-Chouly C, Boichot E, Martins MA, Silva PM. Selective PDE4 inhibitors as potent anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of airway diseases. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2005;100:131–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vignola AM. PDE4 inhibitors in COPD—a more selective approach to treatment. Respir Med. 2004;98:495–503.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giembycz MA. Cilomilast: a second generation phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2001;10:1361–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Torphy T, Barnette M, Underwood D, Griswold D, Christensen S, Murdoch R, et al. ArifloTM (SB 207499), a second generation phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of asthma and COPD: from concept to clinic. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 1999;12:131–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kolb M. Phosphodiesterase 4B inhibition: a potential novel strategy for treating pulmonary fibrosis.” M. Kolb, B. Crestani and TM Maher. Eur Respir Rev. 2023;32:220206. 2024

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Richeldi L, Azuma A, Cottin V, Hesslinger C, Stowasser S, Valenzuela C, et al. Trial of a preferential phosphodiesterase 4B inhibitor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl J Med. 2022;386:2178–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeNinno MP. Future directions in phosphodiesterase drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012;22:6794–800.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar