Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Wagle, N. S., & Jemal, A. (2023). Cancer statistics, 2023. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 73(1), 17–48. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21763

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Cancer Society Inc. (2023). Cancer facts and figures. https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/2023-cancer-facts-figures.html. Accessed 13 Jul 2023

Araghi, M., Mannani, R., Heidarnejad Maleki, A., Hamidi, A., Rostami, S., Safa, S. H., et al. (2023). Recent advances in non-small cell lung cancer targeted therapy. An update review. Cancer Cell International, 23(1), 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-023-02990-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Howlader, N., Forjaz, G., Mooradian, M. J., Meza, R., Kong, C. Y., Cronin, K. A., et al. (2020). The effect of advances in lung-cancer treatment on population mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(7), 640–649. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1916623

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Cancer Institute. (2023). Cancer stat facts: Lung and bronchus cancer. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html. Accessed 13 Jul 2023

Aberle, D. R., Adams, A. M., Berg, C. D., Black, W. C., Clapp, J. D., Fagerstrom, R. M., et al. (2011). Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. New England Journal of Medicine, 365(5), 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1102873

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krist, A. H., Davidson, K. W., Mangione, C. M., Barry, M. J., Cabana, M., Caughey, A. B., et al. (2021). Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA, 325(10), 962–970. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.1117

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haddad, D. N., Sandler, K. L., Henderson, L. M., Rivera, M. P., & Aldrich, M. C. (2020). Disparities in lung cancer screening: A review. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 17(4), 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201907-556CME

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arrazola, R. A., Griffin, T., Lunsford, N. B., Kittner, D., Bammeke, P., Courtney-Long, E. A., et al. (2023). US cigarette smoking disparities by race and ethnicity - Keep going and going! Preventing Chronic Disease, 20, E45. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd20.220375

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Murphy, S. E., Park, S. L., Balbo, S., Haiman, C. A., Hatsukami, D. K., Patel, Y., et al. (2018). Tobacco biomarkers and genetic/epigenetic analysis to investigate ethnic/racial differences in lung cancer risk among smokers. NPJ Precision Oncology, 2, 17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41698-018-0057-y

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stram, D. O., Park, S. L., Haiman, C. A., Murphy, S. E., Patel, Y., Hecht, S. S., et al. (2019). Racial/ethnic differences in lung cancer incidence in the multiethnic cohort study: An update. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 111(8), 811–819. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy206

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Giovino, G. A., Villanti, A. C., Mowery, P. D., Sevilimedu, V., Niaura, R. S., Vallone, D. M., et al. (2015). Differential trends in cigarette smoking in the USA: Is menthol slowing progress? Tobacco Control, 24(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051159

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arauz, R. F., Mayer, M., Reyes-Guzman, C., & Ryan, B. M. (2022). Racial disparities in cigarette smoking behaviors and differences stratified by metropolitan area of residence. International Journal of Public Health, 19(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052910

Furlow, B. (2023). US Government finally moves to ban menthol cigarettes. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 11(12), 1048–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00413-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baiu, I., Titan, A. L., Martin, L. W., Wolf, A., & Backhus, L. (2021). The role of gender in non-small cell lung cancer: A narrative review. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 13(6), 3816–3826. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd-20-3128

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clément-Duchêne, C., Stock, S., Xu, X., Chang, E. T., Gomez, S. L., West, D. W., et al. (2016). Survival among never-smokers with lung cancer in the cancer care outcomes research and surveillance study. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 13(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201504-241OC

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Al Omari, O., Jani, C., Ahmed, A., Singh, H., Radwan, A., Bhatt, P., et al. (2023). Lung cancer mortality in the United States between 1999 and 2019: An observational analysis of disparities by sex and race. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 20(4), 612–616. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202206-510RL

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carrot-Zhang, J., Soca-Chafre, G., Patterson, N., Thorner, A. R., Nag, A., Watson, J., et al. (2021). Genetic ancestry contributes to somatic mutations in lung cancers from admixed Latin American populations. Cancer Discovery, 11(3), 591–598. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-20-1165

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Midha, A., Dearden, S., & McCormack, R. (2015). EGFR mutation incidence in non-small-cell lung cancer of adenocarcinoma histology: A systematic review and global map by ethnicity (mutMapII). American Journal of Cancer Research, 5(9), 2892–2911. www.ajcr.us

DeRouen, M. C., Canchola, A. J., Thompson, C. A., Jin, A., Nie, S., Wong, C., et al. (2022). Incidence of lung cancer among never-smoking Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Females. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 114(1), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab143

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Viñal, D., Martínez, D., Higuera, O., & de Castro, J. (2021). Genomic profiling in non-small-cell lung cancer in young patients. A systematic review. ESMO Open, 6(1), 100045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esmoop.2020.100045

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jemal, A., Miller, K. D., Ma, J., Siegel, R. L., Fedewa, S. A., Islami, F., et al. (2018). Higher lung cancer incidence in young women than young men in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(21), 1999–2009. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1715907

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). United states cancer statistics: Data visualizations. https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcancer%2Fdataviz%2Findex.htm#/NationalPrevalence/. Accessed 28 Jul 2023

National Cancer Institute. (2023). Cancer stat facts: Cancer among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) (Ages 15–39): New Cases and Deaths 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/aya.html. Accessed 13 Jul 2023

Oliveira, I., Mota, P., & Almodovar, T. (2022). Lung cancer in young patients: Natural history, biology and prognosis. Pulmonology, 28(1), 80–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.08.010

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arnold, B. N., Thomas, D. C., Rosen, J. E., Salazar, M. C., Blasberg, J. D., Boffa, D. J., et al. (2016). Lung cancer in the very young: Treatment and survival in the national cancer data base. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 11(7), 1121–1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2016.03.023

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cornelius, M. E., Loretan, C. G., Wang, T. W., Jamal, A., & Homa, D. M. (2022). Tobacco product use among adults - United States, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(11), 397–405. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7111a1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sahar, L., Douangchai Wills, V. L., Liu, K. K. A., Fedewa, S. A., Rosenthal, L., Kazerooni, E. A., et al. (2022). Geographic access to lung cancer screening among eligible adults living in rural and urban environments in the United States. Cancer, 128(8), 1584–1594. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33996

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kish, J. K., Yu, M., Percy-Laurry, A., & Altekruse, S. F. (2014). Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer survival by neighborhood socioeconomic status in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registries. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs, 2014(49), 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu020

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morris, B. B., Hughes, R., Fields, E. C., Sabo, R. T., Weaver, K. E., & Fuemmeler, B. F. (2023). Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with radiation treatment nonadherence and survival among rural and nonrural patients with cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 116(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.06.075

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sosa, E., D’Souza, G., Akhtar, A., Sur, M., Love, K., Duffels, J., et al. (2021). Racial and socioeconomic disparities in lung cancer screening in the United States: A systematic review. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(4), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21671

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones, G. S., & Baldwin, D. R. (2018). Recent advances in the management of lung cancer. Clinical Medicine (London, England), 18(Suppl 2), s41–s46. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.18-2-s41

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Koning, H. J., van der Aalst, C. M., de Jong, P. A., Scholten, E. T., Nackaerts, K., Heuvelmans, M. A., et al. (2020). Reduced lung-cancer mortality with volume CT screening in a randomized trial. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(6), 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911793

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Referenced with permission from the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) for Lung Cancer Screening V.2.2024. ©National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved. Accessed [January 04, 2024]. To view the most recent and complete version of the guideline, go to NCCN.org. NCCN makes no warranties of any kind whatsoever regarding their content, use or application and disclaims any responsibility for their application or use in any way. NCCN, National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®).

Fedewa, S. A., Bandi, P., Smith, R. A., Silvestri, G. A., & Jemal, A. (2022). Lung cancer screening rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chest, 161(2), 586–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.07.030

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Niranjan, S. J., Opoku-Agyeman, W., Carroll, N. W., Dorsey, A., Tipre, M., Baskin, M. L., et al. (2021). Distribution and geographic accessibility of lung cancer screening centers in the United States. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 18(9), 1577–1580. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202010-1313RL

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zgodic, A., Zahnd, W. E., Advani, S., & Eberth, J. M. (2022). Low-dose CT lung cancer screening uptake: A rural-urban comparison. The Journal of Rural Health, 38(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12568

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zarinshenas, R., Amini, A., Mambetsariev, I., Abuali, T., Fricke, J., Ladbury, C., et al. (2023). Assessment of barriers and challenges to screening, diagnosis, and biomarker testing in early-stage lung cancer. Cancers (Basel), 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15051595

US Census Bureau. (2020). 2020 census demographic data map viewer.