Materials

Preparation of empty ChNP and PNNP

Physical characterization of ChNP and PNNP

Entrapment efficiency (EE) of PNNP

Morphology investigation

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

Thermal analysis

Cell viability test using CCK-8 assay

Quantification DNA damage by alkaline comet assay

Assessment of DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) by FHA

Investigation of cellular morphological change by Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining

BTB proteins expression using immunofluorescence assay