From the Department of Bioengineering (R.V., T.K.Y., G.S.G., P.L.P., K.O., D.F.M.), University of Pennsylvania; Division of Traumatology (K.C., L.J.K., J.L.P.), Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Departments of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; and Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery (D.F.M., J.L.P.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Submitted: August 14, 2023, Revised: October 23, 2023, Accepted: November 6, 2023, Published online: November 17, 2023.

This study was presented at the 36th Annual Scientific Assembly of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma, January 17–21, 2023 in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.

Address for correspondence: Jose L. Pascual L. MD, PhD, FRCS(C), FACS, FCCM, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, SICU Administration Office, 5 Founders Pavilion, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; email: [email protected].