From the School of Medicine (N.T.-S.), Division of Trauma, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery (D.Z.), and Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery (M.C.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon

Submitted: August 2, 2023, Revised: October 12, 2023, Accepted: November 6, 2023, Published online: November 20, 2023.

This study was presented at the 2023 AAST Annual Meeting.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Mackenzie Cook, MD, FACS, L611, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, L611, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239; email: [email protected].