From the Department of General Surgery (C.J.B.), Virginia Tech School of Medicine-Carilion Clinic; Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (M.L.D.); Department of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery (D.I.L.); and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Carilion Clinic, Blacksburg, Virginia.

Submitted: April 6, 2023, Revised: October 17, 2023, Accepted: October 19, 2023, Published online: November 15, 2023.

This study was presented at the annual meeting of the Chest Wall Injury Society, April 29, 2023 in Charlotte, NC.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Carl J. Buchholz, MD, Department of General Surgery, Virginia Tech School of Medicine-Carilion Clinic, 1906 Belleview Dr, Roanoke, VA 24018; email: [email protected].