The function and structure of the skin

Abbreviations

Drug delivery across the skin

Transdermal drug delivery

Background on microneedles and mechanism of action

Advantages of microneedles

Disadvantages of microneedles

Types of microneedles

Solid, non-coated microneedles

Coated microneedles

Hollow microneedles

Dissolvable microneedles

Swellable microneedles

Delivery strategies assisted by microneedles

Materials used in microneedles fabrication

Silicon

Metals

Glass

Ceramics

Polymers

Sugars

Microneedles manufacturing methods

Mechanical characterization of microneedles

Clinical trials on microneedles

Microneedles and Covid-19 pandemic

Microneedles in the market, challenges and future outlook