Medeiros D et al (2024) Slowing Alzheimer’s disease progression through probiotic supplementation. Front Neurosci 18:1309075. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1309075

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma H et al (2023) Multi-targeting neuroprotective effects of Syzygium aromaticum bud extracts and their key phytocompounds against neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci 24(9):8148

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barichello T, Giridharan VV, Dal-Pizzol F (2019) A cerebrospinal fluid biosignature for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Braz J Psychiatry 41(6):467–468. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0629

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu TW, Lane HY, Lin CH (2021) Novel therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease: an updated review. Int J Mol Sci 22(15):8208

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Varesi A et al (2022) The potential role of gut microbiota in Alzheimer’s disease: from diagnosis to treatment. Nutrients 14(3):668

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Heydari R et al (2024) A domestic strain of Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates cognitive deficit and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res 476:115277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115277

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yan YJ, Huang CQ (2024) Cognitive impairment induced by circadian rhythm disorders involves hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor reduction and amyloid-β deposition. Chronobiol Int 41(10):1299–1306. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2024.2406545

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leviatan S et al (2022) An expanded reference map of the human gut microbiome reveals hundreds of previously unknown species. Nat Commun 13(1):3863. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31502-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gill SR et al (2006) Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science 312(5778):1355–1359

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bercik P et al (2012) Microbes and the gut-brain axis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 24(5):405–413

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mancuso C, Santangelo R (2018) Alzheimer’s disease and gut microbiota modifications: the long way between preclinical studies and clinical evidence. Pharmacol Res 129:329–336

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arpaia N et al (2013) Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation. Nature 504(7480):451–455

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cani PD, Everard A, Duparc T (2013) Gut microbiota, enteroendocrine functions and metabolism. Curr Opin Pharmacol 13(6):935–940

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Doifode T et al (2021) The impact of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology. Pharmacol Res 164:105314

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang Y et al (2023) The gut microbiome modulates the transformation of microglial subtypes. Mol Psychiatr 28(4):1611–1621

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zinöcker MK, Lindseth IA (2018) The Western diet-microbiome-host interaction and its role in metabolic disease. Nutrients 10(3):365. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030365

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Buford TW (2017) (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease. Microbiome 5(1):80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0296-0

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kesika P et al (2021) Role of gut-brain axis, gut microbial composition, and probiotic intervention in Alzheimer’s disease. Life Sci 264:118627

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Marizzoni M et al (2020) Short-chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide as mediators between gut dysbiosis and amyloid pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 78(2):683–697

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim N et al (2021) Transplantation of gut microbiota derived from Alzheimer’s disease mouse model impairs memory function and neurogenesis in C57BL/6 mice. Brain Behav Immun 98:357–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.002

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jin J et al (2023) Gut-derived β-amyloid: likely a centerpiece of the gut–brain axis contributing to Alzheimer’s pathogenesis. Gut Microbes 15(1):2167172

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kahn MS et al (2012) Prolonged elevation in hippocampal Aβ and cognitive deficits following repeated endotoxin exposure in the mouse. Behav Brain Res 229(1):176–184

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Qian X-H et al (2022) Injection of amyloid-β to lateral ventricle induces gut microbiota dysbiosis in association with inhibition of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation 19(1):1–15

Article  Google Scholar 

Grabrucker S et al (2023) Microbiota from Alzheimer’s patients induce deficits in cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain 146(12):4916–4934

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Willette AA et al (2021) Inflammation, negative affect, and amyloid burden in Alzheimer’s disease: insights from the kynurenine pathway. Brain Behav Immun 95:216–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.019

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guillemin GJ et al (2005) Indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase and quinolinic acid immunoreactivity in Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 31(4):395–404

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ge P et al (2023) TMAO promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation of microglia aggravating neurological injury in ischemic stroke through FTO/IGF2BP2. J Inflamm Res 16:3699–3714. https://doi.org/10.2147/jir.S399480

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brunt VE et al (2020) Trimethylamine-N-oxide promotes age-related vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in mice and healthy humans. Hypertension 76(1):101–112. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14759

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arrona Cardoza P, Spillane MB, Morales Marroquin EJNR (2022) Alzheimer’s disease and gut microbiota: does trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) play a role? Nutr Rev 80(2):271–281

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miyamoto K et al (2023) The gut microbiota-induced kynurenic acid recruits GPR35-positive macrophages to promote experimental encephalitis. Cell Rep 42(8):113005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113005

Article  PubMed