Fokkens, W. J., V. J. Lund, C. Hopkins, P. W. Hellings, R. Kern, S. Reitsma, S. Toppila-Salmi, M. Bernal-Sprekelsen, J. Mullol, I. Alobid, W. Terezinha Anselmo-Lima, C. Bachert, F. Baroody, C. von Buchwald, A. Cervin, N. Cohen, J. Constantinidis, L. De Gabory, M. Desrosiers, Z. Diamant, R. G. Douglas, P. H. Gevaert, A. Hafner, R. J. Harvey, G. F. Joos, L. Kalogjera, A. Knill, J. H. Kocks, B. N. Landis, J. Limpens, S. Lebeer, O. Lourenco, C. Meco, P. M. Matricardi, L. O’Mahony, C. M. Philpott, D. Ryan, R. Schlosser, B. Senior, T. L. Smith, T. Teeling, P. V. Tomazic, D. Y. Wang, D. Wang, L. Zhang, A. M. Agius, C. Ahlstrom-Emanuelsson, R. Alabri, S. Albu, S. Alhabash, A. Aleksic, M. Aloulah, M. Al-Qudah, S. Alsaleh, M. A. Baban, T. Baudoin, T. Balvers, P. Battaglia, J. D. Bedoya, A. Beule, K. M. Bofares, I. Braverman, E. Brozek-Madry, B. Richard, C. Callejas, S. Carrie, L. Caulley, D. Chussi, E. de Corso, A. Coste, U. El Hadi, A. Elfarouk, P. H. Eloy, S. Farrokhi, G. Felisati, M. D. Ferrari, R. Fishchuk, W. Grayson, P. M. Goncalves, B. Grdinic, V. Grgic, A. W. Hamizan, J. V. Heinichen, S. Husain, T. I. Ping, J. Ivaska, F. Jakimovska, L. Jovancevic, E. Kakande, R. Kamel, S. Karpischenko, H. H. Kariyawasam, H. Kawauchi, A. Kjeldsen, L. Klimek, A. Krzeski, G. KopachevaBarsova, S. W. Kim, D. Lal, J. J. Letort, A. Lopatin, A. Mahdjoubi, A. Mesbahi, J. Netkovski, D. Nyenbue Tshipukane, A. Obando-Valverde, M. Okano, M. Onerci, Y. K. Ong, R. Orlandi, N. Otori, K. Ouennoughy, M. Ozkan, A. Peric, J. Plzak, E. Prokopakis, N. Prepageran, A. Psaltis, B. Pugin, M. Raftopulos, P. Rombaux, H. Riechelmann, S. Sahtout, C. C. Sarafoleanu, K. Searyoh, C. S. Rhee, J. Shi, M. Shkoukani, A. K. Shukuryan, M. Sicak, D. Smyth, K. Sindvongs, T. Soklic Kosak, P. Stjarne, B. Sutikno, S. Steinsvag, P. Tantilipikorn, S. Thanaviratananich, T. Tran, J. Urbancic, A. Valiulius, C. Vasquez de Aparicio, D. Vicheva, P. M. Virkkula, G. Vicente, R. Voegels, M. M. Wagenmann, R. S. Wardani, A. Welge-Lussen, I. Witterick, E. Wright, D. Zabolotniy, B. Zsolt, and C. P. Zwetsloot. 2020. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology 58: 1–464.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ryu, G., and D. W. Kim. 2020. Th2 inflammatory responses in the development of nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis. Current opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 20: 1–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bachert, C., B. Marple, R. J. Schlosser, C. Hopkins, R. P. Schleimer, B. N. Lambrecht, B. M. Bröker, T. Laidlaw, and W. J. Song. 2020. Adult chronic rhinosinusitis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 6: 86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stevens, W. W., R. P. Schleimer, and R. C. Kern. 2016. Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice 4: 565–572.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang, X., N. Zhang, M. Bo, G. Holtappels, M. Zheng, H. Lou, H. Wang, L. Zhang, and C. Bachert. 2016. Diversity of T(H) cytokine profiles in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: A multicenter study in Europe, Asia, and Oceania. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 138: 1344–1353.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tomassen, P., G. Vandeplas, T. Van Zele, L. O. Cardell, J. Arebro, H. Olze, U. Förster-Ruhrmann, M. L. Kowalski, A. Olszewska-Ziąber, G. Holtappels, N. De Ruyck, X. Wang, C. Van Drunen, J. Mullol, P. Hellings, V. Hox, E. Toskala, G. Scadding, V. Lund, L. Zhang, W. Fokkens, and C. Bachert. 2016. Inflammatory endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis based on cluster analysis of biomarkers. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 137: 1449-1456.e1444.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang, Y., E. Gevaert, H. Lou, X. Wang, L. Zhang, C. Bachert, and N. Zhang. 2017. Chronic rhinosinusitis in Asia. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 140: 1230–1239.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sakaguchi, S., M. Miyara, C. M. Costantino, and D. A. Hafler. 2010. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system. Nature Reviews Immunology 10: 490–500.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fontenot, J. D., M. A. Gavin, and A. Y. Rudensky. 2003. Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Nature Immunology 4: 330–336.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sakaguchi, S. 2000. Regulatory T cells: Key controllers of immunologic self-tolerance. Cell 101: 455–458.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ohnmacht, C., and S. Eyerich. 2022. Diversity of T Helper and Regulatory T Cells and Their Contribution to the Pathogenesis of Allergic Diseases. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 268: 265–296.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhou, X., S. L. Bailey-Bucktrout, L. T. Jeker, C. Penaranda, M. Martínez-Llordella, M. Ashby, M. Nakayama, W. Rosenthal, and J.A. Bluestone. 2009. Instability of the transcription factor Foxp3 leads to the generation of pathogenic memory T cells in vivo. Nature Immunology 10: 1000–1007.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang, X. O., R. Nurieva, G. J. Martinez, H. S. Kang, Y. Chung, B. P. Pappu, B. Shah, S. H. Chang, K. S. Schluns, S. S. Watowich, X. H. Feng, A. M. Jetten, and C. Dong. 2008. Molecular antagonism and plasticity of regulatory and inflammatory T cell programs. Immunity 29: 44–56.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cui, H., N. Wang, H. Li, Y. Bian, W. Wen, X. Kong, and F. Wang. 2024. The dynamic shifts of IL-10-producing Th17 and IL-17-producing Treg in health and disease: A crosstalk between ancient “Yin-Yang” theory and modern immunology. Cell Communication and Signaling: CCS 22: 99.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jung, M. K., J. E. Kwak, and E. C. Shin. 2017. IL-17A-Producing Foxp3(+) Regulatory T Cells and Human Diseases. Immune Netw 17: 276–286.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang, B. H., S. Hagemann, P. Mamareli, U. Lauer, U. Hoffmann, M. Beckstette, L. Föhse, I. Prinz, J. Pezoldt, S. Suerbaum, T. Sparwasser, A. Hamann, S. Floess, J. Huehn, and M. Lochner. 2016. Foxp3(+) T cells expressing RORγt represent a stable regulatory T-cell effector lineage with enhanced suppressive capacity during intestinal inflammation. Mucosal Immunology 9: 444–457.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Miyara, M., Y. Yoshioka, A. Kitoh, T. Shima, K. Wing, A. Niwa, C. Parizot, C. Taflin, T. Heike, D. Valeyre, A. Mathian, T. Nakahata, T. Yamaguchi, T. Nomura, M. Ono, Z. Amoura, G. Gorochov, and S. Sakaguchi. 2009. Functional delineation and differentiation dynamics of human CD4+ T cells expressing the FoxP3 transcription factor. Immunity 30: 899–911.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wing, J. B., A. Tanaka, and S. Sakaguchi. 2019. Human FOXP3(+) Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity and Function in Autoimmunity and Cancer. Immunity 50: 302–316.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cao, P. P., H. B. Li, B. F. Wang, S. B. Wang, X. J. You, Y. H. Cui, D. Y. Wang, M. Desrosiers, and Z. Liu. 2009. Distinct immunopathologic characteristics of various types of chronic rhinosinusitis in adult Chinese. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 124 (478–484): 484.e471–472.

Google Scholar 

Van Bruaene, N., C. A. Pérez-Novo, T. M. Basinski, T. Van Zele, G. Holtappels, N. De Ruyck, C. Schmidt-Weber, C. Akdis, P. Van Cauwenberge, C. Bachert, and P. Gevaert. 2008. T-cell regulation in chronic paranasal sinus disease. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 121 (1435–1441): 1441.e1431–1433.

Google Scholar 

Cho, S. N., C. H. Song, J. Jin, S. H. Kim, K. S. Rha, and Y. M. Kim. 2014. Role of staphylococcal enterotoxin B on the differentiation of regulatory T cells in nasal polyposis. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 28: e17-24.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li, C. W., K. K. Zhang, T. Y. Li, Z. B. Lin, Y. Y. Li, M. A. Curotto de Lafaille, L. Shi, and D.Y. Wang. 2012. Expression profiles of regulatory and helper T-cell-associated genes in nasal polyposis. Allergy 67: 732–740.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Palmer, C., J. K. Mulligan, S. E. Smith, and C. Atkinson. 2017. The role of regulatory T cells in the regulation of upper airway inflammation. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 31: 345–351.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mulligan, J. K., W. Nagel, B. P. O’Connell, J. Wentzel, C. Atkinson, and R. J. Schlosser. 2014. Cigarette smoke exposure is associated with vitamin D3 deficiencies in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 134: 342–349.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pilette, C., M. R. Jacobson, C. Ratajczak, B. Detry, G. Banfield, J. VanSnick, S. R. Durham, and K. T. Nouri-Aria. 2013. Aberrant dendritic cell function conditions Th2-cell polarization in allergic rhinitis. Allergy 68: 312–321.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim, Y. M., A. Munoz, P. H. Hwang, and K. C. Nadeau. 2010. Migration of regulatory T cells toward airway epithelial cells is impaired in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Clinical Immunology 137: 111–121.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Maneechotesuwan, K., V. Wamanuttajinda, K. Kasetsinsombat, S. Huabprasert, M. Yaikwawong, P. J. Barnes, and A. Wongkajornsilp. 2009. Der p 1 suppresses indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in dendritic cells from house dust mite-sensitive patients with asthma. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 123: 239–248.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bhaskaran, N., S. Cohen, Y. Zhang, A. Weinberg, and P. Pandiyan. 2015. TLR-2 Signaling Promotes IL-17A Production in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory Cells during Oropharyngeal Candidiasis. Pathogens 4: 90–110.

Article  PubMed