Reiner Ž. Statins in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Nat Reviews Cardiol. 2013;10(8):453–64.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Salami JA, et al. National trends in statin use and expenditures in the US adult population from 2002 to 2013: insights from the medical expenditure panel survey. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(1):56–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheung BM, et al. Meta-analysis of large randomized controlled trials to evaluate the impact of statins on cardiovascular outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(5):640–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amin F, et al. The role of statins in lung cancer. Archives Med Sci. 2022;18(1):141–52.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Chamani S, et al. The effects of statins on the function and differentiation of blood cells. Archives Med Sci. 2023;19(5):1314–26.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chamani S et al. The role of statins in the differentiation and function of bone cells. Eur J Clin Invest, 2021. 51(7).

Chruściel P, et al. Impact of statin therapy on plasma adiponectin concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 randomized controlled trial arms. Atherosclerosis. 2016;253:194–208.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kouhpeikar H, et al. The effect of statins through mast cells in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: a review. Volume 22. Current Atherosclerosis Reports; 2020. 5.

Mollazadeh H, et al. Effects of statins on mitochondrial pathways. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021;12(2):237–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sahebkar A et al. A comprehensive review on the lipid and pleiotropic effects of pitavastatin. Prog Lipid Res, 2021. 84.

Sahebkar A, et al. Association between statin use and plasma d-dimer levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114(3):546–57.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sahebkar A, et al. The impact of statin therapy on plasma levels of Von Willebrand factor antigen: systematic review and meta-analysis of Randomised placebo-controlled trials. Thromb Haemost. 2016;115(3):520–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parizadeh SM, et al. Simvastatin therapy reduces prooxidant-antioxidant balance: results of a placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Lipids. 2011;46:333–40.

Serban C, Sahebkar A, Ursoniu S, Mikhailidis DP, Rizzo M, Lip GY, Kees Hovingh G, Kastelein JJ, Kalinowski L, Rysz J, Banach M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of statins on plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9902.

Bahrami A, et al. Effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors on ageing: molecular mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;58:101024.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shakour N, et al. Statins and C-reactive protein: in silico evidence on direct interaction. Archives Med Sci. 2020;16(6):1432–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Koushki K, et al. Anti-inflammatory action of statins in cardiovascular disease: the role of inflammasome and toll-like receptor pathways. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2021;60:175–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bahrami A, et al. Effect of statins on toll-like receptors: a new insight to pleiotropic effects. Pharmacol Res. 2018;135:230–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Libby P, et al. Atherosclerosis Nat Reviews Disease Primers. 2019;5(1):56–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tabas I, García-Cardeña G, Owens GK. Recent insights into the cellular biology of atherosclerosis. J Cell Biol. 2015;209(1):13–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Libby P. Inflammation during the life cycle of the atherosclerotic plaque. Cardiovascular Res. 2021;117(13):2525–36.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Rudd JH, Hyafil F, Fayad ZA. Inflammation imaging in atherosclerosis. Thromb Vascular Biology. 2009;29(7):1009–16. Arteriosclerosis.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tawakol A, et al. Vivo 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging provides a noninvasive measure of carotid plaque inflammation in patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(9):1818–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sorci O, et al. 18 F-sodium fluoride PET/CT provides prognostic clarity compared to calcium and Framingham risk scoring when addressing whole-heart arterial calcification. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47:1678–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCabe JJ et al. Imaging carotid plaque inflammation using positron emission tomography: emerging role in clinical stroke care, research applications, and future directions. Cells, 2023. 12(16): p. 2073.

Hoogeveen RM, et al. Atorvastatin treatment does not abolish inflammatory mediated cardiovascular risk in subjects with chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):4126.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moher D, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jpt H. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. cochrane-handbook. org; 2008.

Borenstein M. Comprehensive meta-analysis software. Systematic reviews in health research: meta‐analysis in context, 2022: pp. 535–548.

Sutton AJ, et al. Methods for meta-analysis in medical research. Volume 348. Wiley Chichester; 2000.

Pirro M, et al. Effect of statin therapy on arterial wall inflammation based on 18F-FDG PET/CT: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. J Clin Med. 2019;8(1):118.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot–based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics. 2000;56(2):455–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boczar KE, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of rosuvastatin in patients with HIV infection: an FDG-PET pilot study. J Nuclear Cardiol. 2022;29(6):3057–68.

Article  Google Scholar 

Emami H, et al. The effect of BMS-582949, a P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38 MAPK) inhibitor on arterial inflammation: a multicenter FDG-PET trial. Atherosclerosis. 2015;240(2):490–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim CJ, et al. Effect of moderate-intensity statin therapy on plaque inflammation in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a prospective interventional study evaluated by 18F-FDG PET/CT of the carotid artery. Cardiol J. 2020;27(6):762–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lo J, et al. Effects of statin therapy on coronary artery plaque volume and high-risk plaque morphology in HIV-infected patients with subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2015;2(2):e52–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Subramanian S, et al. High-dose atorvastatin reduces periodontal inflammation: a novel pleiotropic effect of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(25):2382–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tawakol A, et al. Intensification of statin therapy results in a rapid reduction in atherosclerotic inflammation: results of a multicenter fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography feasibility study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(10):909–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watanabe T, et al. Anti-inflammatory and morphologic effects of pitavastatin on carotid arteries and thoracic aorta evaluated by integrated backscatter trans-esophageal ultrasound and PET/CT: a prospective randomized comparative study with pravastatin (EPICENTRE study). Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2015;13:1–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wu Y-W, et al. The effects of 3-month atorvastatin therapy on arterial inflammation, calcification, abdominal adipose tissue and circulating biomarkers. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39:399–407.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Valk FM, et al. Increased arterial wall inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis is reduced by statin therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(10):1848–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ishii H, et al. Comparison of atorvastatin 5 and 20 mg/d for reducing F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in atherosclerotic plaques on positron emission tomography/computed tomography: a randomized, investigator-blinded