McGrath ER, Doughty CT, Amato AA. Autoimmune myopathies: updates on evaluation and treatment. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(4):976–94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malik A, Hayat G, Kalia JS, Guzman MA. Idiopathic infammatory myopathies: clinical approach and management. Front Neurol. 2016;7:64.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zong M, Lundberg IE. Pathogenesis, classification and treatment of inflammatory myopathies. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;7(5):297–306.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carpenter S, Karpati G, Heller I, Eisen A. Inclusion body myositis: a distinct variety of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Neurology. 1978;28(1):8–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoogendijk JE, Amato AA, Lecky BR, Choy EH, Lundberg IE, Rose MR, Vencovsky J, de Visser M, Hughes RA. 119th ENMC international workshop: trial design in adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, with the exception of inclusion body myositis, 10–12 October 2003, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord. 2004;14(5):337–45.

Selva-O’Callaghan A, Pinal-Fernandez I, Trallero-Araguás E, Milisenda JC, Grau-Junyent JM, Mammen AL. Classification and management of adult inflammatory myopathies. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(9):816–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miller FW, Lamb JA, Schmidt J, Nagaraju K. Risk factors and disease mechanisms in myositis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14(5):255–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fasth AE, Dastmalchi M, Rahbar A, Salomonsson S, Pandya JM, Lindroos E, Nennesmo I, Malmberg KJ, Söderberg-Nauclér C, Trollmo C, Lundberg IE, Malmström V. T-cell infiltrates in the muscles of patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis are dominated by CD28null T cells. J Immunol. 2009;183(7):4792–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sato S, Hoshino K, Satoh T, Fujita T, Kawakami Y, Fujita T, Kuwana M. RNA helicase encoded by melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 is a major autoantigen in patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: Association with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(7):2193–200.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Betteridge Z, McHugh N. Myositis-specific autoantibodies: an important tool to support diagnosis of myositis. J Intern Med. 2016;280:8–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dalakas MC. Pathogenesis and therapies of immune-mediated myopathies. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(3):203–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dalakas MC. Inflammatory muscle diseases. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(18):1734–47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arshanapalli A, Shah M, Veerula V, Somani AK. The role of type I interferons and other cytokines in dermatomyositis. Cytokine. 2015;73(2):319–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baccala R, Hoebe K, Kono DH, Beutler B, Theofilopoulos AN. TLR-dependent and TLR-independent pathways of type I interferon induction in systemic autoimmunity. Nat Med. 2007;13(5):543–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lundberg I, Ulfgren AK, Nyberg P, Andersson U, Klareskog L. Cytokine production in muscle tissue of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(5):865–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lundberg I, Brengman JM, Engel AG. Analysis of cytokine expression in muscle in inflammatory myopathies, Duchenne dystrophy, and nonweak controls. J Neuroimmunol. 1995;63(1):9–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hornung T, Wenzel J. Innate immune-response mechanisms in dermatomyositis: an update on pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Drugs. 2014;74(9):981–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wenzel J, Scheler M, Bieber T, Tüting T. Evidence for a role of type I interferons in the pathogenesis of dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153(2):462–3. author reply 463-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wenzel J, Schmidt R, Proelss J, Zahn S, Bieber T, Tüting T. Type I interferon-associated skin recruitment of CXCR3 + lymphocytes in dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2006;31(4):576–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brunasso AM, Aberer W, Massone C. New onset of dermatomyositis/polymyositis during anti-TNF-α therapies: a systematic literature review. Sci World J. 2014;2014:179180.

Article  Google Scholar 

Manole E, Bastian AE, Butoianu N, Goebel HH. Myositis noninflammatory mechanisms: an updated review. J Immunoass Immunochem. 2017;38:115–26.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Coley W, Rayavarapu S, Nagaraju K. Role of nonimmune mechanisms of muscle damage in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14:209.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wagner E. Fall einer Seltnen Muskelkrankheit. DtschArch Heilk. 1863;4:282–3.

Google Scholar 

Poten PC. Morve chronique de forme anormal. Bullet Mem Hop Paris. 1875;12:314–8.

BohanA, Peter JB. Po1ymyositis and dermatomyositis (part 1). NEnglJMed. 1975; 292: 344–347.

Dawkins RL. Experimental myositis associated with hypersensitivity to muscle. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1965;90(2):619–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Engel AG, Arahata K. Monoclonal antibody analysis of mononuclear cells in myopathies. II: phenotypes of autoinvasive cells in polymyositis and inclusion body myositis. Ann Neurol. 1984;16(2):209–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu YC, Yeh WC, Ohashi PS. LPS/TLR4 signal transduction pathway. Cytokine. 2008;42(2):145–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Engel AG, Arahata K. Mononuclear cells in myopathies: quantitation of functionally distinct subsets, recognition of antigen-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity in some diseases, and implications for the pathogenesis of the different inflammatory myopathies. Hum Pathol. 1986;17(7):704–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kissel JT, Mendell JR, Rammohan KW. Microvascular deposition of complement membrane attack complex in dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(6):329–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Szodoray P, Alex P, Knowlton N, Centola M, Dozmorov I, Csipo I, Nagy AT, Constantin T, Ponyi A, Nakken B, Danko K. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, signified by distinctive peripheral cytokines, chemokines and the TNF family members B-cell activating factor and a proliferation inducing ligand. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(10):1867–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bartoli C, Civatte M, Pellissier JF, Figarella-Branger D. CCR2A and CCR2B, the two isoforms of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor are upregulated and expressed by different cell subsets in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Acta Neuropathol. 2001;102(4):385–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lundberg IE. The role of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2000;2(3):216–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Figarella-Branger D, Pellissier JF, Bianco N, Devictor B, Toga M. Inflammatory and noninflammatory inclusion body myositis. Characterization of the mononuclear cells and expression of the immunoreactive class I major histocompatibility complex product. Acta Neuropathol. 1990;79(5):528–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed