Gevezova M, Sbirkov Y, Sarafian V, Plaimas K, Suratanee A, Maes M. Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)—gene, molecular and pathway signatures linking systemic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, transsynaptic signalling, and neurodevelopment. Brain Behav Immun. 2023;30: 100646.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Theoharides TC, Tsilioni I, Patel AB, Doyle R. Atopic diseases and inflammation of the brain in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psych. 2016;6: e844.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang M, Zhou J, He F, Cai C, Wang H, Wang Y, et al. Alteration of gut microbiota-associated epitopes in children with autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;75:192–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kwon H-K, Choi GB, Huh JR. Maternal inflammation and its ramifications on fetal neurodevelopment. Trends Immunol. 2022;43:230–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bokobza C, van Steenwinckel J, Mani S, Mezger V, Fleiss B, Gressens P. Neuroinflammation in preterm babies and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatr Res. 2019;85:155–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amaral DG, Schumann CM, Nordahl CW. Neuroanatomy of autism. TINS. 2008;31:137–45.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abrams DA, Lynch CJ, Cheng KM, Phillips J, Supekar K, Ryali S, et al. Underconnectivity between voice-selective cortex and reward circuitry in children with autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:12060–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bauman ML, Kemper TL. Neuroanatomic observations of the brain in autism: a review and future directions. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2005;23:183–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fatemi SH, Aldinger KA, Ashwood P, Bauman ML, Blaha CD, Blatt GJ, et al. Consensus paper: pathological role of the cerebellum in autism. Cerebellum. 2012;11:777–807.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Donfrancesco A, Deb G, Dominici C, Pileggi D, Castello MA, Helson L. Effects of a single course of deferoxamine in neuroblastoma patients. Cancer Res. 1990;50:4929–30.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stoodley CJ, Tsai PT. Adaptive prediction for social contexts: the cerebellar contribution to typical and atypical social behaviors. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2021;44:475–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schmahmann JD, Caplan D. Cognition, emotion and the cerebellum. Brain. 2006;129:290–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yeganeh-Doost P, Gruber O, Falkai P, Schmitt A. The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia: from cognition to molecular pathways. Clinics. 2011;66:71–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Strata P. The emotional cerebellum. Cerebellum. 2015;14:570–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hampson DR, Blatt GJ. Autism spectrum disorders and neuropathology of the cerebellum. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:420.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sillitoe RV, Joyner AL. Morphology, molecular codes, and circuitry produce the three-dimensional complexity of the cerebellum. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2007;23:549–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carletti B, Rossi F. Neurogenesis in the cerebellum. Neuroscientist. 2008;14:91–100.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buffo A, Rossi F. Origin, lineage and function of cerebellar glia. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;109:42–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Armengol JÁ, Sotelo C. Early dendritic development of Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum. A light and electron microscopic study using axonal tracing in ‘in vitro’ slices. Dev Brain Res. 1991;64:95–114.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sotelo C, Dusart I. Intrinsic versus extrinsic determinants during the development of Purkinje cell dendrites. Neuroscience. 2009;162:589–600.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gharani N, Benayed R, Mancuso V, Brzustowicz LM, Millonig JH. Association of the homeobox transcription factor, ENGRAILED 2, 3, with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2004;9:474–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bartlett CW, Gharani N, Millonig JH, Brzustowicz LM. Three autism candidate genes: a synthesis of human genetic analysis with other disciplines. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2005;23:221–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benayed R, Gharani N, Rossman I, Mancuso V, Lazar G, Kamdar S, et al. Support for the homeobox transcription factor gene ENGRAILED 2 as an autism spectrum disorder susceptibility locus. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;77:851–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Soltani A, Lebrun S, Carpentier G, Zunino G, Chantepie S, Maïza A, et al. Increased signaling by the autism-related Engrailed-2 protein enhances dendritic branching and spine density, alters synaptic structural matching, and exaggerates protein synthesis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0181350.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheh MA, Millonig JH, Roselli LM, Ming X, Jacobsen E, Kamdar S, Wagner GC. En2 knockout mice display neurobehavioral and neurochemical alterations relevant to autism spectrum disorder. Brain Res. 2006;1116:166–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joyner AL, Herrup K, Auerbach BA, Davis CA, Rossant J. Subtle cerebellar phenotype in mice homozygous for a targeted deletion of the en-2 homeobox. Science. 1991;251:1239–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simon HH, Scholz C, O’Leary DD. Engrailed genes control developmental fate of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in mid- and hindbrain in a gene dose-dependent manner. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2005;28:96–105.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alberi L, Sgadò P, Simon HH. Engrailed genes are cell-autonomously required to prevent apoptosis in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Development. 2004;131:3229–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jankowski J, Miething A, Schilling K, Oberdick J, Baader SL. Cell death as a regulator of cerebellar histogenesis and compartmentation. Cerebellum. 2011;10:373–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baader SL, Sanlioglu S, Berrebi AS, Parker-Thornburg J, Oberdick J. Ectopic overexpression of Engrailed-2 in cerebellar Purkinje cells causes restricted cell loss and retarded external germinal layer development at lobule junctions. J Neurosci. 1998;18:1763–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baader SL, Vogel MW, Zhang X, Sanlioglu S, Oberdick J. Selective disruption of “late onset” sagittal banding patterns by ectopic expression of Engrailed-2 in cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Neurosci. 1999;19:5370–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jankowski J, Holst MI, Liebig C, Oberdick J, Baader SL. Engrailed-2 negatively regulates the onset of perinatal Purkinje cell differentiation. J Comp Neurol. 2004;472:87–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar