Álamo C (2022) Risperidone ISM as a new option in the Clinical Management of Schizophrenia: a narrative review. Adv Ther 39(11):4875–4891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-022-02299-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Balakrishnan R, Kim Y-S, Kim G-W, Kim W-J, Hong S-M, Kim C-G, Choi D-K (2023) Standardized extract of Glehnia Littoralis abrogates memory impairment and neuroinflammation by regulation of CREB/BDNF and NF-κB/MAPK signaling in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice model. Biomed Pharmacother 165:115106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115106

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bharani KL, Ledreux A, Gilmore A, Carroll SL, Granholm A-C (2020) Serum pro-BDNF levels correlate with phospho-tau staining in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 87:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.11.010

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Burgyone K, Aduri K, Ananth J, Parameswaran S (2004) The Use of Antiparkinsonian agents in the management of Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal symptoms. CPD 10(18):2239–2248. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612043384123

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Caroff SN, Hurford I, Lybrand J, Campbell EC (2011) Movement disorders induced by antipsychotic drugs: implications of the CATIE schizophrenia trial. Neurol Clin 29(1):127–148, viii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2010.10.002

Desmarais JE, Beauclair L, Annable L, Bélanger M-C, Kolivakis TT, Margolese HC (2014) Effects of discontinuing anticholinergic treatment on movement disorders, cognition and psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 4(6):257–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125314553611

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Divac N, Prostran M, Jakovcevski I, Cerovac N (2014) Second-generation antipsychotics and extrapyramidal adverse effects. Biomed Res Int 2014:656370. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/656370

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

E R, Yd SM, Lm K, Sd I G, M F (2016) Tau downregulates BDNF expression in animal and cellular models of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.020

Hoffman DC, Donovan H (1995) Catalepsy as a rodent model for detecting antipsychotic drugs with extrapyramidal side effect liability. Psychopharmacology 120(2):128–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02246184

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang Y, Zhao Z, Wei X, Zheng Y, Yu J, Zheng J, Wang L (2016) Long-term trihexyphenidyl exposure alters neuroimmune response and inflammation in aging rat: relevance to age and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation 13(1):175. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-016-0640-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jara C, Aránguiz A, Cerpa W, Tapia-Rojas C, Quintanilla RA (2018) Genetic ablation of tau improves mitochondrial function and cognitive abilities in the hippocampus. Redox Biol 18:279–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2018.07.010

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Karl T, Duffy L, O’brien E, Matsumoto I, Dedova I (2006) Behavioural effects of chronic haloperidol and risperidone treatment in rats. Behav Brain Res 171(2):286–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2006.04.004

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kf A, R Z (2022) Recent advances on the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci 23(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126827

Kirschbaum KM, Hiemke C, Schmitt U (2009) Rotarod impairment: catalepsy-like screening test for antipsychotic side effects. Int J Neurosci 119(10):1509–1522. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450902984002

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li M, Dai F, Du X, Yang Q, Zhang X, Chen Y (2012) Infusion of BDNF into the nucleus accumbens of aged rats improves cognition and structural synaptic plasticity through PI3K-ILK-Akt signaling. Behav Brain Res 231(1):146–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.010

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Matthews RT, Chiou CY (1979) Effects of diethylcholine in two animal models of parkinsonism tremors. Eur J Pharmacol 56(1–2):159–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(79)90446-1

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

McCutcheon RA, Reis Marques T, Howes OD (2020) Schizophrenia-An Overview. JAMA Psychiatry 77(2):201–210. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mueser KT, McGurk SR (2004) Schizophrenia Lancet 363(9426):2063–2072. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16458-1

Rosa E, Mahendram S, Ke YD, Ittner LM, Ginsberg SD, Fahnestock M (2016) Tau downregulates BDNF expression in animal and cellular models of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 48:135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.020

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rosenheck RA, Leslie DL, Busch S, Rofman ES, Sernyak M (2008) Rethinking antipsychotic formulary policy. Schizophr Bull 34(2):375–380. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm089

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rummel-Kluge C, Komossa K, Schwarz S, Hunger H, Schmid F, Kissling W, Davis JM, Leucht S (2012) Second-generation antipsychotic drugs and extrapyramidal side effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head comparisons. Schizophr Bull 38(1):167–177. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq042

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Santacruz K, Lewis J, Spires T, Paulson J, Kotilinek L, Ingelsson M, Guimaraes A, DeTure M, Ramsden M, McGowan E, Forster C, Yue M, Orne J, Janus C, Mariash A, Kuskowski M, Hyman B, Hutton M, Ashe KH (2005) Tau suppression in a neurodegenerative mouse model improves memory function. Science 309(5733):476–481. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1113694

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sheikh WA (2019) Prophylactic use of Trihexyphenidyl (artane) in Schizophrenia and psychosis: a critical review of literature to Guide for evidence based practice. Zambia MJZ 46(2):133–139. https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.46.2.506

Article  Google Scholar 

The Lancet Global Health (2020) Mental health matters. Lancet Global Health 8(11):e1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30432-0

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vigers AJ, Amin DS, Talley-Farnham T, Gorski JA, Xu B, Jones KR (2012) Sustained expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for maintenance of dendritic spines and normal behavior. Neuroscience 212:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.031

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vinogradov S, Fisher M, Warm H, Holland C, Kirshner MA, Pollock BG (2009) The cognitive cost of anticholinergic burden: decreased response to cognitive training in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 166(9):1055–1062. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09010017

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Z-H, Xiang J, Liu X, Yu SP, Manfredsson FP, Sandoval IM, Wu S, Wang J-Z, Ye K (2019) Deficiency in BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic activity stimulates δ-Secretase by upregulating C/EBPβ in Alzheimer’s Disease. Cell Rep 28(3):655–669e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.054

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Werner F-M, Coveñas R (2014) Safety of antipsychotic drugs: focus on therapeutic and adverse effects. Expert Opin Drug Saf 13(8):1031–1042. https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2014.935761

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yoshiyama Y, Kojima A, Itoh K, Uchiyama T, Arai K (2012) Anticholinergics boost the pathological process of neurodegeneration with increased inflammation in a tauopathy mouse model. Neurobiol Dis 45(1):329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.017

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang K, Miao S, Yao Y, Yang Y, Shi S, Luo B, Li M, Zhang L, Liu H (2023) Efficacy and safety of prophylactic use of benzhexol after risperidone treatment. Heliyon 9(3):e14199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14199

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS