Risnes KR, Vatten LJ, Baker JL, Jameson K, Sovio U, Kajantie E, et al. Birthweight and mortality in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):647–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mi D, Fang H, Zhao Y, Zhong L. Birth weight and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med. 2017;14(6):5313–20.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Knop MR, Geng TT, Gorny AW, Ding R, Li C, Ley SH, et al. Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease, and hypertension in adults: a Meta-analysis of 7 646 267 participants from 135 studies. J Am Heart Association. 2018;7(23):e008870.

Article  Google Scholar 

Harder T, Rodekamp E, Schellong K, Dudenhausen JW, Plagemann A. Birth weight and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(8):849–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng T, Zhang J, Sommer K, Bassig BA, Zhang X, Braun J, et al. Effects of Environmental exposures on fetal and Childhood Growth trajectories. Ann Glob Health. 2016;82(1):41–99.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoffman DJ, Reynolds RM, Hardy DB. Developmental origins of health and disease: current knowledge and potential mechanisms. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(12):951–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gluckman PD, Buklijas T, Hanson MA. Chapter 1 - the Developmental origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) Concept: past, Present, and Future. In: Rosenfeld CS, editor. The Epigenome and Developmental origins of Health and Disease. Boston: Academic; 2016. pp. 1–15.

Google Scholar 

Juliusdottir T, Steinthorsdottir V, Stefansdottir L, Sveinbjornsson G, Ivarsdottir EV, Thorolfsdottir RB, et al. Distinction between the effects of parental and fetal genomes on fetal growth. Nat Genet. 2021;53(8):1135–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Warrington NM, Beaumont RN, Horikoshi M, Day FR, Helgeland Ø, Laurin C, et al. Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors. Nat Genet. 2019;51(5):804–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beaumont RN, Warrington NM, Cavadino A, Tyrrell J, Nodzenski M, Horikoshi M, et al. Genome-wide association study of offspring birth weight in 86 577 women identifies five novel loci and highlights maternal genetic effects that are independent of fetal genetics. Hum Mol Genet. 2018;27(4):742–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Freathy RM, Weedon MN, Bennett A, Hypponen E, Relton CL, Knight B, et al. Type 2 diabetes TCF7L2 risk genotypes alter birth weight: a study of 24,053 individuals. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;80(6):1150–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ouidir M, Zeng X, Chatterjee S, Zhang C, Tekola-Ayele F. Ancestry-matched and Cross-ancestry Genetic Risk scores of type 2 diabetes in pregnant women and fetal growth: a study in an Ancestrally Diverse Cohort. Diabetes. 2022;71(2):340–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rahman ML, Shrestha D, Workalemahu T, Wu J, Zhu C, Zhang C, et al. Maternal and offspring genetic risk of type 2 diabetes and offspring birthweight among African ancestry populations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(11):5032–42.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McVean GA, Altshuler DM, Durbin RM, Abecasis GR, Bentley DR, Chakravarti A, et al. An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes. Nature. 2012;491(7422):56–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mostafavi H, Harpak A, Agarwal I, Conley D, Pritchard JK, Przeworski M. Variable prediction accuracy of polygenic scores within an ancestry group. eLife. 2020;9:e48376.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Tsuo K, Kanai M, Neale BM, Martin AR. Challenges and opportunities for developing more generalizable polygenic risk scores. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci. 2022;5:293–320.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ding Y, Hou K, Xu Z, Pimplaskar A, Petter E, Boulier K, et al. Polygenic scoring accuracy varies across the genetic ancestry continuum. Nature. 2023;618(7966):774–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lewis ACF, Molina SJ, Appelbaum PS, Dauda B, Di Rienzo A, Fuentes A, et al. Getting genetic ancestry right for science and society. Science. 2022;376(6590):250–2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Privé F, Aschard H, Carmi S, Folkersen L, Hoggart C, O’Reilly PF, et al. Portability of 245 polygenic scores when derived from the UK Biobank and applied to 9 ancestry groups from the same cohort. Am J Hum Genet. 2022;109(1):12–23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma J. Investigating the influence of genetic ancestry on gene-environment interactions of polygenic risk score and acculturation in Hispanic/Latino groups. Johns Hopkins University; 2022.

Grewal J, Grantz KL, Zhang C, Sciscione A, Wing DA, Grobman WA, et al. Cohort Profile: NICHD fetal growth studies-singletons and twins. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(1):25–l.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buck Louis GM, Grewal J, Albert PS, Sciscione A, Wing DA, Grobman WA, et al. Racial/ethnic standards for fetal growth: the NICHD fetal growth studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(4):449. e1-.e41.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hediger ML, Fuchs KM, Grantz KL, Grewal J, Kim S, Gore-Langton RE, et al. Ultrasound Quality Assurance for Singletons in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development fetal growth studies. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35(8):1725–33.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hadlock FP, Harrist RB, Sharman RS, Deter RL, Park SK. Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements–a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;151(3):333–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pinheiro J, Bates D. Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS. Springer science & business media; 2006.

Tekola-Ayele F, Zhang C, Wu J, Grantz KL, Rahman ML, Shrestha D, et al. Trans-ethnic meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies maternal ITPR1 as a novel locus influencing fetal growth during sensitive periods in pregnancy. PLoS Genet. 2020;16(5):e1008747.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mahajan A, Spracklen CN, Zhang W, Ng MCY, Petty LE, Kitajima H, et al. Multi-ancestry genetic study of type 2 diabetes highlights the power of diverse populations for discovery and translation. Nat Genet. 2022;54(5):560–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Igo RP Jr., Kinzy TG, Cooke Bailey JN. Genetic risk scores. Curr Protoc Hum Genet. 2019;104(1):e95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Academies of Sciences E. Medicine. Using population descriptors in genetics and genomics research: A new framework for an evolving field2023.

Alexander DH, Novembre J, Lange K. Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. Genome Res. 2009;19(9):1655–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Siva N. 1000 genomes project. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26(3):256–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cann HM. Human genome diversity. C R Acad Sci III. 1998;321(6):443–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tekola-Ayele F, Ouidir M, Shrestha D, Workalemahu T, Rahman ML, Mendola P, et al. Admixture mapping identifies African and amerindigenous local ancestry loci associated with fetal growth. Hum Genet. 2021;140(7):985–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central