Edwards IR, Aronson JK. Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management. Lancet. 2000;356(9237):1255–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu TY, Jen MH, Bottle A, Molokhia M, Aylin P, Bell D, et al. Ten-year trends in hospital admissions for adverse drug reactions in England 1999–2009. J R Soc Med. 2010;103(6):239–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parameswaran Nair N, Chalmers L, Bereznicki BJ, Curtain C, Peterson GM, Connolly M, et al. Adverse drug reaction-related hospitalizations in elderly Australians: a prospective cross-sectional study in two Tasmanian hospitals. Drug Saf. 2017;40(7):597–606.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Angamo MT, Chalmers L, Curtain CM, Bereznicki LR. Adverse drug reaction related hospitalisations in developed and developing countries: a review of prevalence and contributing factors. Drug Saf. 2016;39(9):847–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prince MJ, Wimo A, Guerchet MM, Ali GC, Wu Y-T, Prina M. World Alzheimer Report 2015-The Global Impact of Dementia: An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. 2015.

Alzheimer's Research UK. Worldwide dementia cases to triple by 2050 to over 150 million people. 2022 [cited 2023 17 March]; Available from: https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/worldwide-dementia-cases-to-triple-by-2050-to-over-150-million/. Accessed 17 Mar 2023.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Dementia in Australia. 2023 [cited 2023 17 March]; Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/dementia/dementia-in-aus/contents/summary. Accessed 17 Mar 2023.

Dementia Australia. Dementia in Australia; 2023. Available from: https://www.dementia.org.au/sites/default/files/2023-03/Prevalence-Data-2023-Updates.pdf. Accessed 9 Dec 2023.

Laroche ML, Perault-Pochat MC, Ingrand I, Merle L, Kreft-Jais C, Castot-Villepelet A, et al. Adverse drug reactions in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia in France: a national multicentre cross-sectional study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;22(9):952–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zaidi AS, Peterson GM, Bereznicki LR, Curtain CM, Salahudeen M. Outcomes of medication misadventure among people with cognitive impairment or dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2021;55(4):530–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Angamo MT, Curtain CM, Chalmers L, Yilma D, Bereznicki L. Predictors of adverse drug reaction-related hospitalisation in Southwest Ethiopia: a prospective cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(10): e0186631.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Australian Bureau of Statistics. Snapshot of Tasmania. 2022 [cited 2023 11 March]; Available from: https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/snapshot-tas-2021. Accessed 11 Mar 2023.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Admitted patient care NMDS 2022–23. 2023 [cited 2023 11 March]; Available from: https://meteor.aihw.gov.au/content/742173. Accessed 11 Mar 2023.

Veeren JC, Weiss M. Trends in emergency hospital admissions in England due to adverse drug reactions: 2008–2015. J Pharm Health Serv Res. 2017;8(1):5–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Walter SR, Day RO, Gallego B, Westbrook JI. The impact of serious adverse drug reactions: a population-based study of a decade of hospital admissions in New South Wales, Australia. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(2):416–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Du W, Pearson SA, Buckley NA, Day C, Banks E. Diagnosis-based and external cause-based criteria to identify adverse drug reactions in hospital ICD-coded data: application to an Australia population-based study. Public Health Res Pract. 2017;27(2):e2721716.

Long JS, Long JS. Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Berlin: Sage; 1997.

Google Scholar 

Zaidi AS, Peterson GM, Bereznicki LRE, Curtain CM, Salahudeen MS. Ten-year trends in adverse drug reaction-related hospitalizations among people with dementia. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2022;13:20420986221080796.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

CalculatorSoup®. Random Number Generator. 2023 [cited 2023 3 April]; Available from: https://www.calculatorsoup.com/calculators/statistics/random-number-generator.php. Accessed 3 Apr 2023.

Rose S, Laan MJ. Why match? Investigating matched case-control study designs with causal effect estimation. Int J Biostat. 2009;5(1):1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beers MH. Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly. An update Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(14):1531–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lavan AH, Gallagher P, Parsons C, O’Mahony D. STOPPFrail (Screening Tool of Older Persons Prescriptions in Frail adults with limited life expectancy): consensus validation. Age Ageing. 2017;46(4):600–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salahudeen MS, Duffull SB, Nishtala PS. Anticholinergic burden quantified by anticholinergic risk scales and adverse outcomes in older people: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15(1):31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Campbell NL, Maidment I, Fox C, Khan B, Boustani M. The 2012 Update to the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(S1):S142–3.

Google Scholar 

Hall WH, Ramachandran R, Narayan S, Jani AB, Vijayakumar S. An electronic application for rapidly calculating Charlson comorbidity score. BMC Cancer. 2004;20(4):94.

Article  Google Scholar 

Glover JD, Tennant SK. Remote areas statistical geography in Australia: notes on the Accessibility/Remoteness Index for Australia (ARIA+ version): Public Health Information Development Unit, the University of Adelaide; 2003.

The University of Sydney. Aria lookup tool. 2023 [cited 2023 9 March]; Available from: https://www.pocog.org.au/aria/default.aspx. Accessed 9 Mar 2023.

The University of Adelaide. ARIA+ 2016 Demonstration Map. [cited 2023 11 March]; Available from: https://services.spatial.adelaide.edu.au/giscaportal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=417801ba9b844792af44ea4f766a3e30. Accessed 11 Mar 2023.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), Australia, 2016. 2018 [cited 2023 8 March]; Available from: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/2033.0.55.0012016?OpenDocument. Accessed 8 Mar 2023.

Eshetie TC, Nguyen TA, Gillam MH, Kalisch Ellett LM. A narrative review of problems with medicines use in people with dementia. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018;17(8):825–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parsons C. Polypharmacy and inappropriate medication use in patients with dementia: an underresearched problem. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2017;8(1):31–46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bishara D, Harwood D. Safe prescribing of physical health medication in patients with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29(12):1230–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rollin-Sillaire A, Breuilh L, Salleron J, Bombois S, Cassagnaud P, Deramecourt V, et al. Reasons that prevent the inclusion of Alzheimer’s disease patients in clinical trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(4):1089–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pedrós C, Formiga F, Corbella X, Arnau JM. Adverse drug reactions leading to urgent hospital admission in an elderly population: prevalence and main features. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;72:219–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmiedl S, Rottenkolber M, Szymanski J, Drewelow B, Siegmund W, Hippius M, et al. Preventable ADRs leading to hospitalization—results of a long-term prospective safety study with 6,427 ADR cases focusing on elderly patients. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018;17(2):125–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jennings EL, Murphy KD, Gallagher P, O’Mahony D. In-hospital adverse drug reactions in older adults; prevalence, presentation and associated drugs—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2020;49(6):948–58.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

UK Renal Registry. Guidance for mental health professionals on the management of acute kidney injury; 2016. Available from: https://www.thinkkidneys.nhs.uk/aki/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/01/Guidance-for-mental-health-patients-2018.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2023.

Beales A. An innovative approach to hydration for a patient with dementia. Nurs Older People. 2017;29(4):26–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meeks TW, Culberson JW, Horton MS. Medications in long-term care: when less is more. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011;27(2):171–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matzo M, Dawson KA. Opioid-induced neurotoxicity. Am J Nurs. 2013;113(10):51–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parameswaran Nair N, Chalmers L, Peterson GM, Bereznicki BJ, Curtain CM, Bereznicki LR. Prospective identification versus administrative coding of adverse drug reaction-related hospitalizations in the elderly: a comparative analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018;27(11):1281–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conforti A, Costantini D, Zanetti F, Moretti U, Grezzana M, Leone R. Adverse drug reactions in older patients: an Italian observational prospective hospital study. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2012;4:75–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ouellet GM, O’Leary JR, Leggett CG, Skinner J, Tinetti ME, Cohen AB. Benefits and harms of oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation in nursing home residents with advanced dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023;71(2):561–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Subic A, Cermakova P, Religa D, Han S, von Euler M, Kåreholt I, et al. Treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with dementia: A cohort study from the Swedish Dementia Registry. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;61(3):1119–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caamaño F, Pedone C, Zuccalà G, Carbonin P. Socio-demographic factors related to the prevalence of adverse drug reaction at hospital admission in an elderly population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2005;40(1):45–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

tasmania Ph. Primary health tasmania, health needs assessment 2022–23 to 2024–2; 2022. Available from: https://www.primaryhealthtas.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Health-in-Tasmania-Comprehensive-Needs-Assessment-2022-25.pdf. Accessed 17 Mar 2024.

Welsh TJ, Gladman JR, Gordon AL. The treatment of hypertension in people with dementia: a systematic review of observational studies. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14(1):19.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guerrero-Garcia C, Rubio-Guerra AF. Combination therapy in the treatment of hypertension. Drugs Context. 2018;7: 212531.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parameswaran Nair N, Chalmers L, Connolly M, Bereznicki BJ, Peterson GM, Curtain C, et al. Prediction of hospitalization due to adverse drug reactions in elderly community-dwelling patients (the PADR-EC score). PLoS ONE. 2016;11(10): e0165757.

Article