Clinical improvements due to specific effects and placebo effects in conservative interventions and changes observed with no treatment in randomized controlled trials of patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

aDepartment of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

bDepartment of General Practice, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

cResearch Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health and the Center for Muscle and Joint Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

*Corresponding author. Address: Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark. Tel.: +4552374449. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. R. Pedersen).

Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article.

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