Chaiken BH, Goldberg BI, Segal JP. Dilantin sensitivity. N Engl J Med. 1950;242:897–8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM195006082422304.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kardaun SH, Sidoroff A, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Halevy S, Davidovici BB, Mockenhaupt M, et al. Variability in the clinical pattern of cutaneous side-effects of drugs with systemic symptoms: does a DRESS syndrome really exist? Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:609–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kardaun SH, Sekula P, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Liss Y, Chu CY, Creamer D, et al. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): an original multisystem adverse drug reaction. Results from the prospective RegiSCAR study. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169:1071–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Camous X, Calbo S, Picard D, Musette P. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms: an update on pathogenesis. Curr Opin Immunol. 2012;24:730–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hama N, Abe R, Gibson A, Phillips EJ. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): clinical features and pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10:1155-1167.e5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corneli HM. DRESS syndrome: drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2017;33:499–502.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wolff K, Allen R, Arturo J, Saavedra P, Roh E. Fitzpatrick’s color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology. In: Suurmond D (ed) 8th ed. McGraw Hill; 2018; pp. 564–5.

de Filippis R, De Fazio P, Kane JM, Schoretsanitis G. Core clinical manifestations of clozapine-related DRESS syndrome: a network analysis. Schizophr Res. 2022;243:451–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shiohara T, Kano Y. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): incidence, pathogenesis and management. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2017.1270940.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fiszenson-Albala F, Auzerie V, Mahe E, Farinotti R, Durand-Stocco C, Crickx B, et al. A 6-month prospective survey of cutaneous drug reactions in a hospital setting. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149:1018–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05584.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Filippis R, De Fazio P, Kane J, Schoretsanitis G. Pharmacovigilance approaches to study rare and very rare side-effects: example of clozapine-related DRESS syndrome. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2022;21:858–587.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wilkerson RG. Drug hypersensitivity reactions. Emerg Med Clin N Am. 2022;40:39–55.

Article  Google Scholar 

Miyagawa F, Asada H. Current perspective regarding the immunopathogenesis of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DIHS/DRESS). Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:2147.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cacoub P, Musette P, Descamps V, Meyer O, Speirs C, Finzi L, et al. The DRESS syndrome: a literature review. Am J Med. 2011;124:588–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mori F, Caffarelli C, Caimmi S, Bottau P, Liotti L, Franceschini F, et al. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) in children. Acta Biomed. 2019;90:66–79.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Renda F, Landoni G, Bertini Malgarini R, Assisi A, Azzolini ML, Mucchetti M, et al. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): a national analysis of data from 10-year post-marketing surveillance. Drug Saf. 2015;38:1211–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Filippis R, Kane JM, Kuzo N, Spina E, De Sarro G, de Leon J, et al. Screening the European pharmacovigilance database for reports of clozapine-related DRESS syndrome: 47 novel cases. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2022;60:25–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Filippis R, Soldevila-Matías P, Guinart D, De Fazio P, Rubio JM, Kane JM, et al. Unravelling cases of clozapine-related drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) in patients reported otherwise: a systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2021;35:1062–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Filippis R, Soldevila-Matías P, De Fazio P, Guinart D, Fuentes-Durá I, Rubio JM, et al. Clozapine-related drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome: a systematic review. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2020;13:875–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2020.1787831.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sim DW, Yu JE, Jeong J, Jung J-W, Kang H-R, Kang DY, et al. Variation of clinical manifestations according to culprit drugs in DRESS syndrome. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2019;28:840–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taleb S, Zgueb Y, Ouali U, Jomli R, Kort Y, Nacef F. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome related to aripiprazole therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;39:691–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001138.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghozlane L, Asma J, Ahmed Z, Ons C, Sarrah K, Riadh D, et al. Antipsychotics induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome: literature review and a report of a suspected case related to chlorpromazine. Curr Drug Saf. 2023;18:571–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leong C, Kowalec K, Eltonsy S, Bolton JM, Enns MW, Tan Q, et al. Psychotropic medication use before and during COVID-19: a population-wide study. Front Pharmacol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.886652/full.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ojeahere MI, de Filippis R, Ransing R, Karaliuniene R, Ullah I, Bytyçi DG, et al. Management of psychiatric conditions and delirium during the COVID-19 pandemic across continents: the lessons thus far. Brain, Behav Immun Health. 2020;9:100147 (Under Rev).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Radojčić MR, Pierce M, Hope H, Senior M, Taxiarchi VP, Trefan L, et al. Trends in antipsychotic prescribing to children and adolescents in England: cohort study using 2000–19 primary care data. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023;10:119–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hálfdánarson Ó, Zoëga H, Aagaard L, Bernardo M, Brandt L, Fusté AC, et al. International trends in antipsychotic use: a study in 16 countries, 2005–2014. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27:1064–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindquist M. VigiBase, the WHO global ICSR database system: basic facts. Drug Inf J. 2008;42:409–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/009286150804200501.

Article  Google Scholar 

Faillie J-L. Case–non-case studies: principle, methods, bias and interpretation. Therapies. 2019;74:225–32.

Article  Google Scholar 

Uppsala Monitoring Centre. Individual case safety reports and VigiBase—the vital importance of quality. 2012. https://who-umc.org/media/163807/vigibase-the-vital-importance-of-quality-2017.pdf

World Health Organization (WHO). ATC/DDD Index 2023. 2023. https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/

World Health Organization (WHO). Uppsala Monitoring Center. https://who-umc.org/

van Puijenbroek EP, Bate A, Leufkens HGM, Lindquist M, Orre R, Egberts ACG. A comparison of measures of disproportionality for signal detection in spontaneous reporting systems for adverse drug reactions. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2002;11:3–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.668.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rothman KJ, Lanes S, Sacks ST. The reporting odds ratio and its advantages over the proportional reporting ratio. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2004;13:519–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.1001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bate A, Lindquist M, Edwards IR, Olsson S, Orre R, Lansner A, et al. A Bayesian neural network method for adverse drug reaction signal generation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;54:315–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002280050466.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poluzzi E, Raschi E, Koci A, Moretti U, Spina E, Behr ER, et al. Antipsychotics and torsadogenic risk: signals emerging from the US FDA adverse event reporting system database. Drug Saf. 2013;36:467–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-013-0032-z.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grundmark B, Holmberg L, Garmo H, Zethelius B. Reducing the noise in signal detection of adverse drug reactions by standardizing the background: a pilot study on analyses of proportional reporting ratios-by-therapeutic area. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;70:627–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-014-1658-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simper GS, Hò G-GT, Celik AA, Huyton T, Kuhn J, Kunze-Schumacher H, et al. Carbamazepine-mediated adverse drug reactions: CBZ-10,11-epoxide but not carbamazepine induces the alteration of peptides presented by HLA-B. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:1–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Husain Z, Reddy BY, Schwartz RA. DRESS syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68:693.e1-693.e14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alkabbani W, Gamble J. Active-comparator restricted disproportionality analysis for pharmacovigilance signal detection studies of chronic disease medications: an example using sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;89:431–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.15178.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gastaldon C, Schoretsanitis G, Arzenton E, Raschi E, Papola D, Ostuzzi G, et al. Withdrawal syndrome following discontinuation of 28 antidepressants: pharmacovigilance analysis of 31,688 reports from the WHO spontaneous reporting database. Drug Saf. 2022;45:1539–49.