Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, Brew BJ, Byrd DA, Cherner M, Clifford DB, Cinque P, Epstein LG, Goodkin K, Gisslen M, Grant I, Heaton RK, Joseph J, Marder K, Marra CM, McArthur JC, Nunn M, Price RW, Pulliam L, Robertson KR, Sacktor N, Valcour V, Wojna VE (2007) Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 69(18):1789–1799. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aung HL, Siefried KJ, Gates TM, Brew BJ, Mao L, Carr A, Cysique LA (2022) Meaningful cognitive decline is uncommon in virally suppressed HIV, but sustained impairment, subtle decline and abnormal cognitive aging are not. EClinicalMedicine 56:101792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101792

Aung HL, Alagaratnam J, Chan P, Chow FC, Joska J, Falutz J, Letendre SL, Lin W, Muñoz-Moreno JA, Cinque P, Taylor J, Brew B, Winston A (2023) Cognitive health in persons with human immunodeficiency virus: the impact of early treatment, comorbidities, and aging. J Infect Dis 227(Supplement1):S38–S47. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac388

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borrajo A, Svicher V, Salpini R, Pellegrino M, Aquaro S (2021) Crucial role of Central nervous system as a viral anatomical compartment for HIV-1 infection. Microorganisms 9(12):2537. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122537

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burlacu R, Umlauf A, Luca A, Gianella S, Radoi R, Ruta SM, Marcotte TD, Ene L, Achim CL (2018) Sex-based differences in neurocognitive functioning in HIV-infected young adults. AIDS 32(2):217–225. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001687

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ (1989) The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 28(2):193–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen PP, Wei XY, Tao L, Xin X, Xiao ST, He N (2023) Cerebral abnormalities in HIV-infected individuals with neurocognitive impairment revealed by fMRI. Sci Rep 13(1):10331. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37493-3

Chiao S, Rosen HJ, Nicolas K, Wendelken LA, Alcantar O, Rankin KP, Miller B, Valcour V (2013) Deficits in self-awareness impact the diagnosis of asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment in HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 29(6):949–956. https://doi.org/10.1089/AID.2012.0229

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ciccarelli N (2020) Considerations on nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: it is time to update? Infection. 48(1):37–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-019-01373-8

Dang C, Wei B, Long J, Zhou M, Han X, Zhao T (2015) Validity of the International HIV Dementia Scale as assessed in a socioeconomically underdeveloped region of Southern China: assessing the influence of educational attainment. Int J Infect Dis 33:56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.12.042

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Souza EM, Buoniconti CS, Valim FC, Moura AS (2016) Risk factors for neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected patients and comparison of different screening tools. Dement Neuropsychol 10(1):42–46. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642016DN10100008

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ding Y, Lin H, Shen W, Wu Q, Gao M, He N (2017) Interaction effects between HIV and aging on selective neurocognitive impairment. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 12:661–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-017-9748-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frain JA, Chen L (2018) Examining the effectiveness of a cognitive intervention to improve cognitive function in a population of older adults living with HIV: a pilot study. Ther Adv Infect Dis 5(1):19–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049936117736456

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giacometti LL, Barker JM (2019) Comorbid HIV infection and alcohol use disorders: converging glutamatergic and dopaminergic mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunction. Brain Res 1723:146390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146390

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Green JE, Saveanu RV, Bornstein RA, Bornstein (2004) The effect of previous alcohol abuse on cognitive function in HIV infection. Am J Psychiatry 161(2):249–254. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.249

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joska JA, Witten J, Thomas KG, Robertson C, Casson-Crook M, Roosa H, Creighton J, Lyons J, McArthur J, Sacktor NC (2016) A comparison of five brief screening tools for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in the USA and South Africa. AIDS Behav 20(8):1621–1631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1316-y

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joska JA, Dreyer AJ, Nightingale S, Combrinck MI, De Jager CA (2019) Prevalence of HIV-1 infection in an elderly rural population and associations with neurocognitive impairment. AIDS 33(11):1765–1771. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002257

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kellett-Wright J, Flatt A, Eaton P, Urasa S, Howlett W, Dekker M, Kisoli A, Duijinmaijer A, Thornton J, McCartney J, Yarwood V, Irwin C, Mukaetova-Ladinska E, Akinyemi R, Lwezuala B, Gray WK, Walker RW, Dotchin CL, Makupa P, Paddick SM (2021) Screening for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in adults aged 50 and over attending a government HIV clinic in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Comparison of the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) and IDEA six item dementia screen. AIDS Behav 25(2):542–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02998-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lam JO, Hou CE, Hojilla JC, Anderson AN, Gilsanz P, Alexeeff SE, Levine-Hall T, Hood N, Lee C, Satre DD, Silverberg MJ (2021) Comparison of dementia risk after age 50 between individuals with and without HIV infection. AIDS 35(5):821–828. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002806

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lopardo GD, Bissio E, Iannella Mdel C, Crespo AD, Garone DB, Cassetti LI (2009) Good neurocognitive performance measured by the international HIV dementia scale in early HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 52(4):488–492. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181b06348

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lyon ME, McCarter R, D’Angelo LJ (2009) Detecting HIV associated neurocognitive disorders in adolescents: what is the best screening tool? J Adolesc Health 44(2):133–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.06.023

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makinson A, Dubois J, Eymard-Duvernay S, Leclercq P, Zaegel-Faucher O, Bernard L, Vassallo M, Barbuat C, Gény C, Thouvenot E, Costagliola D, Ozguler A, Zins M, Simony M, Reynes J, Berr C (2020) Increased prevalence of neurocognitive impairment in aging people living with human immunodeficiency virus: the ANRS EP58 HAND 55–70 study. Clin Infect Dis 70(12):2641–2264

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McArthur JC, Steiner J, Sacktor N, Nath A (2010) Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders: mind the gap. Ann Neurol 67(6):699–714. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22053

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Molinaro M, Sacktor N, Nakigozi G, Anok A, Batte J, Kisakye A, Myanja R, Nakasujja N, Robertson KR, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Saylor D (2020) Utility of the International HIV Dementia Scale for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 83(3):278–283. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002257

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Montanucci C, Chipi E, Salvadori N, Rinaldi R, Eusebi P, Parnetti L (2021) HIV-Dementia Scale as a screening tool for the detection of subcortical cognitive deficits: validation of the Italian version. J Neurol 268(12):4789–4795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10592-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mudra Rakshasa-Loots A, Whalley HC, Vera JH, Cox SR (2022) Neuroinflammation in HIV-associated depression: evidence and future perspectives. Mol Psychiatry 27(9):3619–3632. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01619-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Omeragic A, Kayode O, Hoque MT, Bendayan R (2020) Potential pharmacological approaches for the treatment of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. Fluids Barriers CNS 17:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12987-020-00204-5

Paul R (2019) Neurocognitive phenotyping of HIV in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 16(3):230–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00426-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinto TCC, Machado L, Bulgacov TM, Rodrigues-Júnior AL, Costa MLG, Ximenes RCC, Sougey EB (2019) Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) screening superior to the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) in the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in the elderly? Int Psychogeriatr 31(04):491–504. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218001370

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qiao X, Lin H, Chen X, Ning C, Wang K, Shen W, Xu X, Xu X, Liu X, He N, Ding Y (2019) Sex differences in neurocognitive screening among adults living with HIV in China. J Neurovirol 25(3):363–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-019-00727-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rianawati S, Andriani N, Munir B, Raisa N (2021) Serial case of HIV associated neurocognitive disorder. J Neurol Sci 429:117683.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rubin LH, Maki PM (2019) HIV, depression, and cognitive impairment in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 16(1):82–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00421-0

Rubin LH, Gustafson D, Hawkins KL, Zhang L, Jacobson LP, Becker JT, Munro CA, Lake JE, Martin E, Levine A, Brown TT, Sacktor N, Erlandson KM (2019) Midlife adiposity predicts cognitive decline in the prospective Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology 93(3):e261–e271. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007779

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sacktor N (2018) Changing clinical phenotypes of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 24(2):141–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-017-0556-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sacktor N, Robertson K (2014) Evolving clinical phenotypes in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 9(6):517–520. https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000102

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saloner R, Campbell LM, Serrano V, Montoya JL, Pasipanodya E, Paolillo EW, Franklin D, E