aAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

bDepartment of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

cMedical Image Analysis and Biometry Laboratory, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain

dDepartment of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

eChronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

fSusan Samueli Integrative Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine CA, United States

gDepartment of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine CA, United States

hChronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

iDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

jDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

kDepartment of Radiology, Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, United States

lDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States

mDepartment of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome, “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy

nDepartment of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

*Corresponding author. Address: A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States. Tel.: +1 (617) 643-7267. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. L. Loggia).

Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article.

A. Sandström and A. Torrado-Carvajal contributed equally to this work.