Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan. China Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pedersen SF, Ho YC. SARS-CoV-2: A Storm is Raging. The Journal of clinical investigation 2020.

Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, Cui C, Huang B, Niu P, Liu X, Zhao L, Dong E, Song C, et al. In Vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clinical infectious diseases. an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; 2020.

Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC et al. Clinical characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020.

Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun 2020:102433.

Cocuzzo B, Wrench A, O’Malley C. Effects of COVID-19 on older adults: Physical, Mental, Emotional, Social, and financial problems seen and unseen. Cureus. 2022;14(9):e29493.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mansell V, Hall Dykgraaf S, Kidd M, Goodyear-Smith F. Long COVID and older people. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2022;3(12):e849–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor CA, Patel K, Patton ME, Reingold A, Kawasaki B, Meek J, Openo K, Ryan PA, Falkowski A, Bye E, et al. COVID-19-Associated hospitalizations among U.S. adults aged >/=65 years - COVID-NET, 13 States, January-August 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(40):1089–94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu K, Wang Z, Qin M, Gao Y, Luo N, Xie W, Zou Y, Wang J, Ma X. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccination in older adults. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1113156.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guermonprez P, Valladeau J, Zitvogel L, Thery C, Amigorena S. Antigen presentation and T cell stimulation by dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:621–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guilliams M, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Division of labor between lung dendritic cells and macrophages in the defense against pulmonary infections. Mucosal Immunol. 2013;6(3):464–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cossarizza A, De Biasi S, Guaraldi G, Girardis M, Mussini C. Modena Covid-19 Working G: SARS-CoV-2, the Virus that causes COVID-19: cytometry and the New Challenge for Global Health. Cytometry A. 2020;97(4):340–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moon C. Fighting COVID-19 exhausts T cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(5):277.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, Chen L, Li M, Liu Y, Wang G et al. Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol 2020, 11(827).

Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Cao JN, Su H, Osann K, Gupta S. Altered innate immune functioning of dendritic cells in elderly humans: a role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-signaling pathway. J Immunol. 2007;178(11):6912–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agrawal S, Gollapudi S, Gupta S, Agrawal A. Dendritic cells from the elderly display an intrinsic defect in the production of IL-10 in response to lithium chloride. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(11):1285–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prakash S, Agrawal S, Cao JN, Gupta S, Agrawal A. Impaired secretion of interferons by dendritic cells from aged subjects to influenza: role of histone modifications. Age (Dordr). 2013;35(5):1785–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sridharan A, Esposo M, Kaushal K, Tay J, Osann K, Agrawal S, Gupta S, Agrawal A. Age-associated impaired plasmacytoid dendritic cell functions lead to decreased CD4 and CD8 T cell immunity. Age (Dordr). 2011;33(3):363–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rahmatpanah F, Agrawal S, Scarfone VM, Kapadia S, Mercola D, Agrawal A. Transcriptional profiling of Age-Associated Gene expression changes in human circulatory CD1c + myeloid dendritic cell subset. The journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2018.

Drummond GR, Vinh A, Guzik TJ, Sobey CG. Immune mechanisms of hypertension. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19(8):517–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parenti A, Pala L, Paccosi S, Rotella CM. Potential role for dendritic cells in endothelial dysfunction, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(10):1435–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wenzel U, Turner JE, Krebs C, Kurts C, Harrison DG, Ehmke H. Immune mechanisms in arterial hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(3):677–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kapellos TS, Bonaguro L, Gemund I, Reusch N, Saglam A, Hinkley ER, Schultze JL. Human Monocyte Subsets and Phenotypes in Major Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Frontiers in immunology 2019, 10:2035.

Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Netea MG, Rovina N, Akinosoglou K, Antoniadou A, Antonakos N, Damoraki G, Gkavogianni T, Adami ME, Katsaounou P, et al. Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure. Cell host & microbe; 2020.

Liao M, Liu Y, Yuan J, Wen Y, Xu G, Zhao J, Cheng L, Li J, Wang X, Wang F et al. Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19. Nature medicine 2020.

Nyugen J, Agrawal S, Gollapudi S, Gupta S. Impaired functions of peripheral blood monocyte subpopulations in aged humans. J Clin Immunol. 2010;30(6):806–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gacka M, Dobosz T, Szymaniec S, Bednarska-Chabowska D, Adamiec R, Sadakierska-Chudy A. Proinflammatory and atherogenic activity of monocytes in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2010;24(1):1–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cappellari R, D’Anna M, Bonora BM, Rigato M, Cignarella A, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Shift of monocyte subsets along their continuum predicts cardiovascular outcomes. Atherosclerosis. 2017;266:95–102.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agrawal S, Salazar J, Tran TM, Agrawal A. Sex-related differences in Innate and Adaptive Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol. 2021;12:4306.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rahmatpanah F, Robles G, Lilly M, Keane T, Kumar V, Mercola D, Randhawa P, McClelland M. RNA expression differences in prostate tumors and tumor-adjacent stroma between Black and White americans. Oncotarget. 2021;12(15):1457–69.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alldredge J, Randall L, De Robles G, Agrawal A, Mercola D, Liu M, Randhawa P, Edwards R, McClelland M, Rahmatpanah F. Transcriptome analysis of ovarian and uterine clear cell malignancies. Front Oncol. 2020;10:598579.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rahmatpanah F, Agrawal S, Scarfone VM, Kapadia S, Mercola D, Agrawal A. Transcriptional profiling of Age-Associated Gene expression changes in human circulatory CD1c + myeloid dendritic cell subset. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(1):9–15.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rahmatpanah F, Agrawal S, Jaiswal N, Nguyen HM, McClelland M, Agrawal A. Airway epithelial cells prime plasmacytoid dendritic cells to respond to pathogens via secretion of growth factors. Mucosal Immunol. 2019;12(1):77–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smed-Sorensen A, Chalouni C, Chatterjee B, Cohn L, Blattmann P, Nakamura N, Delamarre L, Mellman I. Influenza a virus infection of human primary dendritic cells impairs their ability to cross-present antigen to CD8 T cells. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(3):e1002572.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheung CY, Poon LL, Ng IH, Luk W, Sia SF, Wu MH, Chan KH, Yuen KY, Gordon S, Guan Y, et al. Cytokine responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected macrophages in vitro: possible relevance to pathogenesis. J Virol. 2005;79(12):7819–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Junqueira C, Crespo A, Ranjbar S, de Lacerda LB, Lewandrowski M, Ingber J, Parry B, Ravid S, Clark S, Schrimpf MR, et al. FcgammaR-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of monocytes activates inflammation. Nature. 2022;606(7914):576–84.

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yilla M, Harcourt BH, Hickman CJ, McGrew M, Tamin A, Goldsmith CS, Bellini WJ, Anderson LJ. SARS-coronavirus replication in human peripheral monocytes/macrophages. Virus Res. 2005;107(1):93–101.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xie N, Zhang L, Gao W, Huang C, Huber PE, Zhou X, Li C, Shen G, Zou B. NAD(+) metabolism: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):227.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee M, Lee SY, Bae YS. Functional roles of sphingolipids in immunity and their implication in disease. Exp Mol Med. 2023;55(6):1110–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chow RD, Chen S. The aging transcriptome and cellular landscape of the human lung in relation to SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2020:2020.2004.2007.030684.

Farheen S, Agrawal S, Zubair S, Agrawal A, Jamal F, Altaf I, Kashif Anwar A, Umair SM, Owais M. Patho-Physiology of Aging and Immune-Senescence: possible correlates with comorbidity and mortality in Middle-aged and old COVID-19 patients. Front Aging 2021, 2.

Nikolich-Zugich J, Knox KS, Rios CT, Natt B, Bhattacharya D, Fain MJ. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes. Geroscience; 2020.

Bartleson JM, Radenkovic D, Covarrubias AJ, Furman D, Winer DA, Verdin E. SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the Ageing Immune System. Nat Aging. 2021;1(9):769–82.

Article  PubMed