Creanga AA, Berg CJ, Syverson C, Seed K, Bruce FC, Callaghan WM. Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 2006–2010. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(1):5–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000564.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: ACOG practice bulletin 222. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(6):e237–60.

Article  Google Scholar 

Michalczyk M, Celewicz A, Celewicz M, Woźniakowska-Gondek P, Rzepka R. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3864941.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. High blood pressure during pregnancy. Accessed June 19, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/pregnancy.htm.

Cameron NA, Everitt I, Seegmiller LE, Yee LM, Grobman WA, Khan SS. Trends in the incidence of new‐onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy among rural and urban areas in the United States, 2007 to 2019. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11(2). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.023791.

Ananth CV, Keyes KM, Wapner RJ. Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980–2010: age-period-cohort analysis. BMJ. 2013;347(nov07 15):f6564-f6564. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f6564.

Zhang J, Troendle JF, Levine RJ. Risks of hypertensive disorders in the second pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2001;15(3):226–31. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00347.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bernardes TP, Mol BW, Ravelli ACJ, van den Berg P, Boezen HM, Groen H. Early and late onset pre-eclampsia and small for gestational age risk in subsequent pregnancies. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(3): e0230483. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230483.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mongraw-Chaffin ML, Cirillo PM, Cohn BA. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease death. Hypertension. 2010;56(1):166–71. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150078.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams DJ. Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;335(7627):974. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39335.385301.BE. This systematic review and meta-analysis characterizes the risk of future vascular disease among those diagnosed with preeclampsia and identifies an associated increased risk of mortality after 14.5 years.

Van Pampus MG, Aarnoudse JG. Long-term outcomes after preeclampsia. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2005;48(2):489–94. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.grf.0000160316.67359.3d.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDonald SD, Malinowski A, Zhou Q, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ. Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am Heart J. 2008;156(5):918–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.06.042.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaaja RJ. Manifestations of chronic disease during pregnancy. JAMA. 2005;294(21):2751. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.21.2751.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leon LJ, McCarthy FP, Direk K, et al. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease in a large UK pregnancy cohort of linked electronic health records. Circulation. 2019;140(13):1050–60. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038080.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harmon QE, Huang L, Umbach DM, et al. Risk of fetal death with preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(3):628–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000696.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Srinivas SK, Edlow AG, Neff PM, Sammel MD, Andrela CM, Elovitz MA. Rethinking IUGR in preeclampsia: dependent or independent of maternal hypertension? J Perinatol. 2009;29(10):680–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2009.83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meis PJ, Goldenberg RL, Mercer BM, et al. The preterm prediction study: risk factors for indicated preterm births. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178(3):562–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70439-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Maternal-fetal conditions necessitating a medical intervention resulting in preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(6):1557–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.05.021.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Risnes K, Bilsteen JF, Brown P, et al. Mortality among young adults born preterm and early term in 4 Nordic nations. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1): e2032779. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32779.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sejer EPF, Bruun FJ, Slavensky JA, Mortensen EL, Schiøler KU. Impact of gestational age on child intelligence, attention and executive function at age 5: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(9): e028982. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-028982.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maher GM, O’Keeffe GW, Kearney PM, et al. Association of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. JAMA Psychiat. 2018;75(8):809. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0854.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tuovinen S, Eriksson JG, Kajantie E, et al. Maternal hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and self-reported cognitive impairment of the offspring 70 years later: the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208(3):200.e1-200.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Wassenaer AG, Westera J, van Schie PEM, et al. Outcome at 4.5 years of children born after expectant management of early-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(6):510.e1–510.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.032.

Sun BZ, Moster D, Harmon QE, Wilcox AJ. Association of preeclampsia in term births with neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. JAMA Psychiat. 2020;77(8):823. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0306.

Article  Google Scholar 

Stevens W, Shih T, Incerti D, et al. Short-term costs of preeclampsia to the United States health care system. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(3):237-248.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.04.032.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnancy mortality surveillance system. Published March 23, 2023. Accessed October 1, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternal-mortality/pregnancy-mortality-surveillance-system.htm.

Petersen EE, Davis NL, Goodman D, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in pregnancy-related deaths — United States, 2007–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(35):762–5. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6835a3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Petersen EE, Davis NL, Goodman D, et al. Vital signs: pregnancy-related deaths, United States, 2011–2015, and strategies for prevention, 13 states, 2013–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(18). https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6818e1.

Chornock R, Iqbal SN, Kawakita T. Racial disparity in postpartum readmission due to hypertension among women with pregnancy-associated hypertension. Am J Perinatol. 2021;38(12):1297–302. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712530.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Howell EA. Reducing disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2018;61(2):387–99. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000349.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shahul S, Tung A, Minhaj M, et al. Racial disparities in comorbidities, complications, and maternal and fetal outcomes in women with preeclampsia/eclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2015;34(4):506–15. https://doi.org/10.3109/10641955.2015.1090581.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tanaka M, Jaamaa G, Kaiser M, et al. Racial disparity in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in New York State: a 10-year longitudinal population-based study. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(1):163–70. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.068577.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ford ND, Cox S, Ko JY, et al. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and mortality at delivery hospitalization — United States, 2017–2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(17):585–91. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7117a1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Merkt PT, Kramer MR, Goodman DA, et al. Urban-rural differences in pregnancy-related deaths, United States, 2011–2016. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;225(2):183.e1-183.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.02.028.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bailey ZD, Feldman JM, Bassett MT. How structural racism works — racist policies as a root cause of U.S. racial health inequities. New England J Med. 2021;384(8):768–773. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2025396.

Bailey ZD, Krieger N, Agénor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. The Lancet. 2017;389(10077):1453–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X.

Article  Google Scholar 

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Low-dose aspirin use during pregnancy. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 743. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132:e44–52.

Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, et al. Aspirin use to prevent preeclampsia and related morbidity and mortality. JAMA. 2021;326(12):1186. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.14781.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McKiever M, Frey H, Costantine MM. Challenges in conducting clinical research studies in pregnant women. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2020;47(4):287–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10928-020-09687-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wesley BD, Sewell CA, Chang CY, Hatfield KP, Nguyen CP. Prescription medications for use in pregnancy–perspective from the US Food and Drug Administration. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;225(1):21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.02.032.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Byrne JJ, Saucedo AM, Spong CY. Evaluation of drug labels following the 2015 pregnancy and lactation labeling rule. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(8): e2015094. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.15094.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

United States Department of Health E, WPHSF, DA. General considerations for the clinical evaluation of drugs. 1977. https://www.fda.gov/regul