Boutari C, Mantzoros CS. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. Metabolism. 2022;133:155217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155217. Epub 2022 May 15. PMID: 35584732; PMCID: PMC9107388.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Creanga AA, Catalano PM, Bateman BT. Obesity in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):248–59. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1801040. PMID: 35857661.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woolcott OO, Seuring T. Prevalence trends in obesity defined by the relative fat mass (RFM) index among adults in the United States: 1999–2018. MetabClin Exp. 2022;128: 155027. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.METABOL.2021.155027.

Article  Google Scholar 

Purnell JQ. Definitions, classification, and epidemiology of obesity. 2018 Apr 12. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, de Herder WW, Dhatariya K, Hofland J, Dungan K, Hofland J, Kalra S, Kaltsas G, Kapoor N, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, Kovacs CS, Kuohung W, Laferrère B, Levy M, McGee EA, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Sahay R, Singer F, Sperling MA, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP (eds.), Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA) Inc.; 2000. MDText.com. PMID: 25905390.

• Poniedziałek-Czajkowska E, Mierzyński R, Leszczyńska-Gorzelak B. Preeclampsia and obesity-the preventive role of exercise. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021267. PMID: 36674022; PMCID: PMC9859423. The objective of this paper is to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of hypertension during pregnancy among women with obesity and to emphasize the significance of exercise in its prevention.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Alston MC, Redman LM, Sones JL. An overview of obesity, cholesterol, and systemic inflammation in preeclampsia. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2087. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102087. PMID: 35631228; PMCID: PMC9143481. This review aims to provide a summary of the current understanding regarding the involvement of nutrients, obesity, and cholesterol signaling in the development of PE.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Catalano PM, Shankar K. Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long-term adverse consequences for mother and child. BMJ. 2017;356: j1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Magee LA, Nicolaides KH, von Dadelszen P. Preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(19):1817–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2109523. PMID: 35544388.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magee LA, Smith GN, Bloch C, Côté AM, Jain V, Nerenberg K, von Dadelszen P, Helewa M, Rey E. Guideline No. 426: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: diagnosis, prediction, prevention, and management. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2022;44(5):547–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2022.03.002. PMID: 35577426.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chappell LC, Cluver CA, Kingdom J, Tong S. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2021;398(10297):341–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32335-7. Epub 2021 May 27 PMID: 34051884.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Staff AC. The two-stage placental model of preeclampsia: an update. J Reprod Immunol. 2019;134–135:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2019.07.004. Epub 2019 Jul 8 PMID: 31301487.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naruse K, Akasaka J, Shigemitsu A, Tsunemi T, Koike N, Yoshimoto C, et al. Involvement of visceral adipose tissue in immunological modulation of inflammatory cascade in preeclampsia. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:325932. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/325932. Epub 2015 May 31. PMID: 26089598; PMCID: PMC4458290.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Staff AC, Fjeldstad HE, Fosheim IK, Moe K, Turowski G, Johnsen GM, et al. Failure of physiological transformation and spiral artery atherosis: their roles in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(2S):S895–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.026. Epub 2020 Sep 21 PMID: 32971013.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Souza R, Horyn I, Pavalagantharajah S, Zaffar N, Jacob CE. Maternal body mass index and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2019;1(4):100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2019.100041. Epub 2019 Aug 30. PMID: 33345836.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He XJ, Dai RX, Hu CL. Maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity and the risk of preeclampsia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2020;14(1):27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2020.01.004. Epub 2020 Feb 5. PMID: 32035840.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fakhraei R, Denize K, Simon A, Sharif A, Zhu-Pawlowsky J, et al. Predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women living with obesity: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(4):2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042063. PMID: 35206265; PMCID: PMC8872310.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu K, Chen Y, Tong J, Yin A, Wu L, Niu J. Association of maternal obesity with preterm birth phenotype and mediation effects of gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):459. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04780-2. PMID: 35650604; PMCID: PMC9158369.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Institute of Medicine. Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines, Food and Nutrition Board and Board on Children Y, and Families: weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington: The National Academies press; 2009.

Google Scholar 

Haugen M, Brantsæter AL, Winkvist A, Lissner L, Alexander J, Oftedal B, et al. Associations of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with pregnancy outcome and postpartum weight retention: a prospective observational cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;11(14):201. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-201. PMID: 24917037; PMCID: PMC4062904.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hillesund ER, Seland S, Bere E, Sagedal LR, Torstveit MK, Lohne-Seiler H, et al. Preeclampsia and gestational weight gain in the Norwegian fit for delivery trial. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):282. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3396-4. PMID: 29739447; PMCID: PMC5941786.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Rogers BN, Stephens JM, Sones JL. Linking inflammatory adipose tissue to placental abnormalities in obese preeclamptic pregnancies. Physiol Genomics. 2022;54(8):319–24. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00041.2022. Epub 2022 Jul 11. PMID: 35816649; PMCID: PMC9377783. This review encompasses the examination of inflammatory adipokines, immune cells, and compromised placental development linked toPE in both women and animal models.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Lopez-Jaramillo P, Barajas J, Rueda-Quijano SM, Lopez-Lopez C, Felix C. Obesity and preeclampsia: common pathophysiological mechanisms. Front Physiol. 2018;19(9):1838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01838. PMID: 30618843; PMCID: PMC6305943. This article discusses in detail studies conducted in various populations that highlight the connection between obesity and overweight with the occurrence of preeclampsia.

Article  Google Scholar 

Spradley FT, Palei AC, Granger JP. Increased risk for the development of preeclampsia in obese pregnancies: weighing in on the mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015;309(11):R1326–43. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00178.2015. Epub 2015 Oct 7. PMID: 26447211; PMCID: PMC4698403.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chandrasekaran S, Hunt H, Melhorn S, Gammill HS, Schur EA. Adipokine profiles in preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(16):2812–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1562542. Epub 2019 Jan 9. PMID: 30572749; PMCID: PMC8223907.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Howell KR, Powell TL. Effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development. Reproduction. 2017;153(3):R97–108. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0495. Epub 2016 Nov 18. PMID: 27864335; PMCID: PMC5432127.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makhijani P, Basso PJ, Chan YT, Chen N, Baechle J, Khan S, et al. Regulation of the immune system by the insulin receptor in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;13(14):1128622. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1128622. PMID: 36992811; PMCID: PMC10040865.

Article  Google Scholar 

Eghbal-Fard S, Yousefi M, Heydarlou H, Ahmadi M, Taghavi S, Movasaghpour A, et al. The imbalance of Th17/Treg axis involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(4):5106–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27315. Epub 2018 Oct 2 PMID: 30277561.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gallos I, Sivakumar K, Kilby M, Coomarasamy A, Thangaratinam S, Vatish M. Pre-eclampsia is associated with, and preceded by, hypertriglyceridaemia: a meta-analysis. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;120(11):1321–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12375.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Khaire AA, Thakar SR, Wagh GN, Joshi SR. Placental lipid metabolism in preeclampsia. J Hypertens. 2021;39(1):127–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002596. PMID: 32833919.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SM, Moon JY, Lim BY, Kim SM, Park CW, Kim BJ, et al. Increased biosynthesis and accumulation of cholesterol in maternal plasma, but not amniotic fluid in pre-eclampsia. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1550. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37757-3. PMID: 30733456; PMCID: PMC6367404.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olson KN, Redman LM, Sones JL. Obesity “complements” preeclampsia. Physiol Genomics. 2019;51(3):73–6. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00102.2018. Epub 2019 Feb 4. PMID: 30716010; PMCID: PMC6459374.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vieira MC, Poston L, Fyfe E, Gillett A, Kenny LC, Roberts CT, et al. Clinical and biochemical factors associated with preeclampsia in women with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2017;25(2):460–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21715. Epub 2016 Dec 23. PMID: 28008746.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heslehurst N, Ngongalah L, Bigirumurame T, Nguyen G, Odeniyi A, Flynn A, Smith V, et al. Association between maternal adiposity measures and adverse maternal outcomes of pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2022;23(7):e13449. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13449. Epub 2022 Apr 25. PMID: 35467075; PMCID: PMC9285432.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hopkins MK, Levine LD, Koelper NC, Durnwald C. Screening Echocardiogram in High-Risk Women with Class III Obesity to Predict the Risk Of Preeclampsia. Am J Perinatol. 2022;39(5):457–63. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739520. Epub 2021 Nov 2