Lam CSP, Voors AA, de Boer RA, Solomon SD, van Veldhuisen DJ. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: from mechanisms to therapies. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(30):2780–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy301.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borlaug BA, Jensen MD, Kitzman DW, Lam CSP, Obokata M, Rider OJ. Obesity and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: new insights and pathophysiological targets. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;118(18):3434–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac120.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stefan N. Causes, consequences, and treatment of metabolically unhealthy fat distribution. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(7):616–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30110-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neeland IJ, Ross R, Despres JP, Matsuzawa Y, Yamashita S, Shai I, et al. Visceral and ectopic fat, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic disease: a position statement. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(9):715–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30084-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neeland IJ, Hughes C, Ayers CR, Malloy CR, Jin ES. Effects of visceral adiposity on glycerol pathways in gluconeogenesis. Metabolism. 2017;67:80–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pou KM, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Vasan RS, Maurovich-Horvat P, Larson MG, et al. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes are cross-sectionally related to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress: the framingham heart study. Circulation. 2007;116(11):1234–41. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.710509.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Woerden G, van Veldhuisen DJ, Westenbrink BD, de Boer RA, Rienstra M, Gorter TM. Connecting epicardial adipose tissue and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: mechanisms, management and modern perspectives. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24(12):2238–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2741.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Woerden G, van Veldhuisen DJ, Manintveld OC, van Empel VPM, Willems TP, de Boer RA, et al. Epicardial adipose tissue and outcome in heart failure with mid-range and preserved ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail. 2022;15(3):e009238. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.009238.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seimon RV, Wild-Taylor AL, Keating SE, McClintock S, Harper C, Gibson AA, et al. Effect of weight loss via severe vs moderate energy restriction on lean mass and body composition among postmenopausal women with obesity: the TEMPO diet randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(10):e1913733. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.13733.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Covassin N, Sert-Kuniyoshi FH, Singh P, Romero-Corral A, Davison DE, Lopez-Jimenez F, et al. Experimental weight gain increases ambulatory blood pressure in healthy subjects: implications of visceral fat accumulation. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(5):618–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.12.012.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vishvanath L, Gupta RK. Contribution of adipogenesis to healthy adipose tissue expansion in obesity. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(10):4022–31. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI129191.Thepaperunderlinestheimportanceofsubcutaneouswhiteadiposetissueexpansioninmaintenanceofmetabolicallyhealthyobesity.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rana MN, Neeland IJ. Adipose tissue inflammation and cardiovascular disease: an update. Curr Diab Rep. 2022;22(1):27–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-021-01446-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghaben AL, Scherer PE. Adipogenesis and metabolic health. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2019;20(4):242–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0093-z.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Despres JP. Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease: an update. Circulation. 2012;126(10):1301–13. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klein S, Gastaldelli A, Yki-Jarvinen H, Scherer PE. Why does obesity cause diabetes? Cell Metab. 2022;34(1):11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.012.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kahn CR, Wang G, Lee KY. Altered adipose tissue and adipocyte function in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(10):3990–4000. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI129187.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gruzdeva O, Borodkina D, Uchasova E, Dyleva Y, Barbarash O. Localization of fat depots and cardiovascular risk. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1):218. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-018-0856-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chartrand DJ, Murphy-Despres A, Almeras N, Lemieux I, Larose E, Despres JP. Overweight, obesity, and CVD risk: a focus on visceral/ectopic fat. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2022;24(4):185–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-022-00996-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Britton KA, Massaro JM, Murabito JM, Kreger BE, Hoffmann U, Fox CS. Body fat distribution, incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(10):921–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.027.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Despres JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, Pibarot P, Mathieu P, Larose E, et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(6):1039–49. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.159228.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stencel J, Alai HR, Dhore-Patil A, Urina-Jassir D, Le Jemtel TH. Obesity, preserved ejection fraction heart failure, and left ventricular remodeling. J Clin Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093341.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheladze P, Martuszewski A, Poreba R, Gac P. The importance of the assessment of epicardial adipose tissue in scientific research. J Clin Med. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195621.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bergman RN, Kim SP, Catalano KJ, Hsu IR, Chiu JD, Kabir M, et al. Why visceral fat is bad: mechanisms of the metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14(Suppl 1):16S–S19. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.277.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iacobellis G, Willens HJ. Echocardiographic epicardial fat: a review of research and clinical applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22(12):1311–9; quiz 417–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2009.10.013.

Peczkowski KK, Mashali MA, Saad NS, Hare A, Campbell CM, Whitson BA, et al. Quantification of cardiac adipose tissue in failing and nonfailing human myocardium. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11(13):e025405. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.025405.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Le Jemtel TH, Samson R, Ayinapudi K, Singh T, Oparil S. Epicardial adipose tissue and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2019;21(5):36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-019-0939-6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Antonopoulos AS, Antoniades C. The role of epicardial adipose tissue in cardiac biology: classic concepts and emerging roles. J Physiol. 2017;595(12):3907–17. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273049.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mazurek T, Zhang L, Zalewski A, Mannion JD, Diehl JT, Arafat H, et al. Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators. Circulation. 2003;108(20):2460–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000099542.57313.C5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Ansaldo AM, Montecucco F, Sahebkar A, Dallegri F, Carbone F. Epicardial adipose tissue and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Cardiol. 2019;278:254–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.09.089. The paper focuses on the cross talk between epicardial adipose tissue and coronary atherosclerosis as well as the relationship between dysfunctional epicardial adipose tissue and impair cardiac structure and function.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turkmen K, Ozer H, Kusztal M. The relationship of epicardial adipose tissue and cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients. J Clin Med. 2022;11(5):1308. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051308.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu FZ, Wu CC, Kuo PL, Wu MT. Differential impacts of cardiac and abdominal ectopic fat deposits on cardiometabolic risk stratification. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016;16:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-016-0195-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oikawa M, Owada T, Yamauchi H, Misaka T, Machii H, Yamaki T, et al. Epicardial adipose tissue reflects the presence of coronary artery disease: comparison with abdominal visceral adipose tissue. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:483982. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/483982.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Du Y, Yang L, Liu Y, Yang B, Lv S, Hu C, et al. Relation between quantity and quality of peri-coronary epicardial adipose tissue and its underlying hemodynamically significant coronary stenosis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020;20(1):226. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01499-w.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar