Shorr AF, Zilberberg MD, Sun X, Johannes RS, Gupta V, Tabak YP. Severe acute hypertension among inpatients admitted from the emergency department. J Hosp Med. 2012;7(3):203–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.969.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watson K, Broscious R, Devabhakthuni S, Noel ZR. Focused update on pharmacologic management of hypertensive emergencies. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(7):56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0854-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(19):e127–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alley WD, Schick MA. Hypertensive emergency. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)2023.

Peixoto AJ. Acute severe hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(19):1843–52. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1901117.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katz JN, Gore JM, Amin A, Anderson FA, Dasta JF, Ferguson JJ, et al. Practice patterns, outcomes, and end-organ dysfunction for patients with acute severe hypertension: The Studying the Treatment of Acute hyperTension (STAT) registry. Am Heart J. 2009;158(4):599–606 e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2009.07.020.

Patel KK, Young L, Howell EH, Hu B, Rutecki G, Thomas G, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients presenting with hypertensive urgency in the office setting. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(7):981–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1509.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aggarwal M, Khan IA. Hypertensive crisis: Hypertensive emergencies and urgencies. Cardiol Clin. 2006;24(1):135–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2005.09.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019;50(12):e344–418. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000211.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zimmerman WD, Chang WW. ED BP management for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2022;24(8):303–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-022-01199-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grassi G, Dell’Oro R, Quarti-Trevano F, Vanoli J, Oparil S. Sympathetic neural mechanisms in hypertension: Recent insights. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-023-01254-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hecht JP, Mahmood SM, Brandt MM. Safety of high-dose intravenous labetalol in hypertensive crisis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019;76(5):286–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxy045.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cawoski JR, DeBiasio KA, Donnachie SW, Timanus EA, Zimmerman DE, Guarascio AJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous hydralazine and labetalol for the treatment of asymptomatic hypertension in hospitalised patients: A systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(7): e13991. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13991.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Varon J, William JE. Evaluation and treatment of hypertensive emergencies in adults. (2023). www.uptodate.com. Accessed 1 Aug 2023.

Finks SW, Clarkson JD. Acute care in cardiology. Updates in Therapeutics® Pharmacotherapy Preparatory Review. Lenexa, KS: Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2023.

• Malik MA, Ahmad R, Beg M, Ahmad R. A comparative study of intravenous labetalol VS intravenous nitroglycerin in the treatment of hypertensive crises. Indian Heart J. 2022;74(4):332–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2022.06.001. The investigators found that time to achieve target blood pressure was shorter in the labetalol group than the nitroglycerin group This is one of very few randomized trials in this therapeutic area and gives support for using labetalol over nitroglycerin when time to target is critical.

• El-Ghoroury H, Sudekum DM, Hecht JP. Blood pressure control in acute stroke: Labetalol or nicardipine? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(9): 105959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105959. A recent comparison of labetalol and nicardipine for hypertensive crisis in stroke. This evaluation found no significant difference between labetalol and nicardipine in percent time at BP goal or BP variability. Nicardipine was associated with significantly more tachycardia than labetalol.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cannon CM, Levy P, Baumann BM, Borczuk P, Chandra A, Cline DM, et al. Intravenous nicardipine and labetalol use in hypertensive patients with signs or symptoms suggestive of end-organ damage in the emergency department: A subgroup analysis of the CLUE trial. BMJ Open. 2013;3(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002338.

•• Siddiqi TJ, Usman MS, Rashid AM, Javaid SS, Ahmed A, Clark D 3rd, et al. Clinical outcomes in hypertensive emergency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(14): e029355. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.122.029355. This meta-analysis is the largest to date and helped to better describe the most frequently encountered types of target organ damage as well as the prevalence of hypertensive emergency. Additionally, the authors identified the rate of subsequent hospitalization in patients with hypertensive emergencies at nearly 85% following initial treatment and discharge, an area for future study and practice improvement efforts.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Astarita A, Covella M, Vallelonga F, Cesareo M, Totaro S, Ventre L, et al. Hypertensive emergencies and urgencies in emergency departments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2020;38(7):1203–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002372.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flanigan JS, Vitberg D. Hypertensive emergency and severe hypertension: What to treat, who to treat, and how to treat. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90(3):439–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2005.11.008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benken ST. Medical issues in the ICU, hypertensive emergencies. Critical Care Self-Assessment Program (CCSAP). Lenexa, KS: Am Coll Clin Pharma. 2018.

Rhoney D, Peacock WF. Intravenous therapy for hypertensive emergencies, part 1. Am J Health Syst Pharma. 2009;66(15):1343–52. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp080348.p1.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar