Condorelli RA, Vignera SL, Mongioì LM, Alamo A, Calogero AE (2018) Diabetes mellitus and infertility: different pathophysiological effects in type 1 and type 2 on sperm function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 9:268. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00268

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organisation (2011) Global status report on alcohol and health. World Heal Organ 122:1–85

Google Scholar 

Khawcharoenporn T, Sha BE (2016) HIV infection and infertility. In: Darwish AM (ed) Genital infections and infertility, pp. 178–199

Ray S, Pramanik S (2020) Reproductive dysfunctions in males with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an updated review. EMJ Diabetes 8:79–89. https://doi.org/10.33590/emjdiabet/20-00171

Article  Google Scholar 

Finelli R, Mottola F, Agarwal A (2022) Impact of alcohol consumption on male fertility potential: a narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010328

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Oremosu AA, Akang EN (2015) Impact of alcohol on male reproductive hormones, oxidative stress and semen parameters in Sprague-Dawley rats. Middle East Fertil Soc J 20:114–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2014.07.001

Article  Google Scholar 

Ogedengbe OO, Jegede AI, Onanuga IO, Offor U, Naidu ECS, Peter AI, Azu OO (2016) Coconut oil extract mitigates testicular injury following adjuvant treatment with antiretroviral drugs. Toxicol Res 32:317–325. https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2016.32.4.317

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Savasi V, Oneta M, Laoreti A, Parisi F, Parrilla B, Duca P, Cetin I (2018) Effects of antiretroviral therapy on sperm DNA integrity of HIV-1-infected men. Am J Mens Health 12:1835–1842. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318794282

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ogedengbe OO, Naidu ECS, Akang EN, Offor U, Onanuga IO, Peter AI, Jegede AI, Azu OO (2018) Virgin coconut oil extract mitigates testicular-induced toxicity of alcohol use in antiretroviral therapy. Andrology 6:616–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12490

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Owembabazi E, Nkomozepi P, Mbajiorgu EF (2023) Impact of concurrent exposure of diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats to alcohol and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on reproductive capacity. Appl Sci 13:5096. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13085096

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gandhi J, Dagur G (2016) Effect of diabetes mellitus on sexual arousal and intercourse. Transl Biomed 7:2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2172-0479.100057

Article  Google Scholar 

Dosumu OO, Osinubi AAA, Duru FIO (2014) Alcohol induced testicular damage: can abstinence equal recovery? Middle East Fertil Soc J 19:221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2014.01.003

Article  Google Scholar 

Kushnir VA, Lewis W (2011) Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and infertility: emerging problems in the era of highly active antiretrovirals. Fertil Steril 96:546–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.094

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dutta S, Sengupta P, Slama P, Roychoudhury S (2021) Oxidative stress, testicular inflammatory pathways, and male reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 22:10043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810043

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Agarwal A, Rana M, Qiu E, AlBunni H, Bui AD, Henkel R (2018) Role of oxidative stress, infection and inflammation in male infertility. Andrologia 50:e13126. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13126

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rachdaoui N, Sarkar DK (2017) Pathophysiology of the effects of alcohol abuse on the endocrine system. Alcohol Res 38:255–276

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khan K, Khan AH, Sulaiman SA, Soo CT, Aftab RA (2014) Adverse effect of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV/AIDS patients. Indian J Pharm Pract 7:29–35. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijopp.7.3.7

Article  Google Scholar 

Barcia JM, Flores-Bellver M, Muriach M, Sancho-Pelluz J, Lopez-Malo D, Urdaneta AC, Martinez-Gil N, Atienzar-Aroca S, Romero FJ (2015) Matching diabetes and alcoholism: oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurogenesis are commonly involved. Mediat Inflamm 2015:624287. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/624287

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ogedengbe OO, Naidu ECS, Azu OO (2018) Antiretroviral therapy and alcohol interactions: X-raying testicular and seminal parameters under the HAART era. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 43:121–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-017-0438-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tremellen K (2012) Oxidative stress and male infertility: a clinical perspective. Studies on men’s health and fertility. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 325–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-776-7_16

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Maresch CC, Stute DC, Alves MG, Oliveira PF, de Kretser DM, Linn T (2018) Diabetes-induced hyperglycemia impairs male reproductive function: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 24:86–105. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmx033

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Köksal IT, Erdoǧru T, Gülkesen H, Sezer C, Usta M, Çiftçioǧlu A, Baykara M (2003) The potential role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in the testicular dysfunction associated with varicocele: an experimental study. Int Urol Nephrol 36:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:UROL.0000032687.58462.4f

Article  Google Scholar 

Eid N, Ito Y, Otsuki Y (2011) Involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase in DNA fragmentation in various testicular germ cells of ethanol-treated rats. J Mens health 8:S36–S40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-6867(11)60018-3

Article  Google Scholar 

Turner TT, Lysiak JJ (2008) Oxidative stress: a common factor in testicular dysfunction. J Androl 29:488–498. https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.108.005132

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Bryan MK, Schlatt S, Gerdprasert O, Phillips DJ, De Kretser DM, Hedger MP (2000) Inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat tesis: Evidence for potential roles in both normal function and inflammation-mediated infertility. Biol Reprod 63:1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod63.5.1285

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levine AB, Punihaole D, Levine TB (2012) Characterization of the role of nitric oxide and its clinical applications. Cardiol 122:55–68. https://doi.org/10.1159/000338150

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yu Q, Li T, Li J, Zhong L, Mao X (2017) Nitric oxide synthase in male urological and andrologic functions. In: Nitric oxide synthase-simple enzyme-complex roles. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/67562

Kolasa A, Marchlewicz M, Kurzawa R, Głąbowski W, Trybek G, Wenda-Różewicka L, Wiszniewska B (2009) The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the testis and epididymis of rats with a dihydrotestosterone (DHT) deficiency. Cell Mol Biol Lett 14:511–527. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11658-009-0019-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Asadi N, Bahmani M, Kheradmand A, Rafieian-Kopaei M (2017) The impact of oxidative stress on testicular function and the role of antioxidants in improving it: a review. J Clin Diagn Res 11:IE01–IE05. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/23927.9886

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guerriero G, Trocchia S, Abdel-Gawad FK, Ciarcia G (2014) Roles of reactive oxygen species in the spermatogenesis regulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 5:56. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00056

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Volpe CMO, Villar-Delfino PH, Dos Anjos PMF, Nogueira-Machado JA (2018) Cellular death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diabetic complications review-Article. Cell Death Dis 9:119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-017-0135-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ikekpeazu JE, Orji OC, Uchendu IK, Ezeanyika LUS (2019) Mitochondrial and oxidative impacts of short and long-term administration of HAART on HIV patients. Curr Clin Pharmacol 15:110–124. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574884714666190905162237

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wilson RD, Islam MS (2012) Fructose-fed streptozotocin-injected rat: an alternative model for type 2 diabetes. Pharmacol Rep 64:129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1734-1140(12)70739-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frampton JE, Croom KF (2006) Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: triple combination tablet. Drugs 66:1501–1512. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200666110-00012

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olasile IO, Ayoola Jegede I, Ugochukwu O, Oluwatosin Ogedengbe O, Edwin Naidu CS, Aniekan Peter I, Onyemaechi Azu O (2018) Histo-morphological and seminal evaluation of testicular parameters in diabetic rats under antiretroviral therapy: interactions with hypoxis hemerocallidea. Iran J Basic Med Sci 21:1316–1324. https://doi.org/10.22038/ijbms.2018.25046.6213

Article  Google Scholar 

Owembabazi E, Nkomozepi P, Calvey T, Mbajiorgu EF (2023) Co-administration of alcohol and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in male Sprague Dawley rats: a study on testicular morphology, oxidative and cytokines perturbations. Anat Cell Biol 56:236–251. https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.22.229

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jensen EC (2013) Quantitative analysis of histological staining and fluorescence using imageJ. Anat Rec 296:378–381. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.22641

Article  Google Scholar 

Cizkova K, Foltynkova T, Gachechiladze M, Tauber Z (2021) Comparative analysis of immunohistochemical staining intensity determined by light microscopy, imagej and qupath in placental hofbauer cells. Acta Histochem Cytochem 54:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1267/ahc.20-00032

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bam NE, Mabunda SA, Ntsaba J, Apalata T, Nomatshila SC, Chitha W (2020) The association between HIV tri-therapy with the development of Type-2 diabetes mellitus in a rural South African district: a case-control study. PLoS ONE 15:e0244067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244067

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trangenstein PJ, Morojele NK, Lombard C, Jernigan DH, Parry CDH (2018) Heavy drinking and contextual risk factors among adults in South Africa: findings from the International Alcohol Control study. Subst Abus Treat Prev Policy 13:43.