Advances in Radiotherapy for Rectal Cancer

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Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.

CA Cancer J Clin. 68: 394-424

Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer.

Lancet. 1: 1479-1482

Prolongation of the disease-free interval in surgically treated rectal carcinoma.

N Engl J Med. 312: 1465-1472Krook J.E. Moertel C.G. Gunderson L.L. et al.

Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for high-risk rectal carcinoma.

N Engl J Med. 324: 709-715Roh M.S. Colangelo L.H. O’Connell M.J. et al.

Preoperative multimodality therapy improves disease-free survival in patients with carcinoma of the rectum: NSABP R-03.

J Clin Oncol. 27: 5124-5130Sauer R. Becker H. Hohenberger W. et al.

Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer.

N Engl J Med. 351: 1731-1740

NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Rectal, In: Cancer, 1, All rights reserved.

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Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy in rectal carcinoma: a review of the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group experience.

Radiother Oncol. 13: 245-252van Gijn W. Marijnen C.A.M. Nagtegaal I.D. et al.

Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer: 12-year follow-up of the multicentre, randomised controlled TME trial.

Lancet Oncol. 12: 575-582Breugom A.J. Swets M. Bosset J.F. et al.

Adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy and surgery for patients with rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.

Lancet Oncol. 16: 200-207van der Valk M.J.M. Marijnen C.A.M. van Etten B. et al.

Compliance and tolerability of short-course radiotherapy followed by preoperative chemotherapy and surgery for high-risk rectal cancer - results of the international randomized RAPIDO-trial.

Radiother Oncol. 147: 75-83Maas M. Nelemans P.J. Valentini V. et al.

Long-term outcome in patients with a pathological complete response after chemoradiation for rectal cancer: a pooled analysis of individual patient data.

Lancet Oncol. 11: 835-844Fernández-Martos C. Garcia-Albeniz X. Pericay C. et al.

Chemoradiation, surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy versus induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation and surgery: long-term results of the Spanish GCR-3 phase II randomized trial.

Ann Oncol. 26: 1722-1728Bahadoer R.R. Dijkstra E.A. van Etten B. et al.

Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.

Lancet Oncol. 22: 29-42Bujko K. Wyrwicz L. Rutkowski A. et al.

Long-course oxaliplatin-based preoperative chemoradiation versus 5 × 5 Gy and consolidation chemotherapy for cT4 or fixed cT3 rectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study.

Ann Oncol. 27: 834-842Jin J. Tang Y. Hu C. et al.

Multicenter, Randomized, Phase III Trial of Short-Term Radiotherapy Plus Chemotherapy Versus Long-Term Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer (STELLAR).

J Clin Oncol. 40: 1681-1692Conroy T. Bosset J.F. Etienne P.L. et al.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.

Lancet Oncol. 22: 702-715Fokas E. Allgäuer M. Polat B. et al.

Randomized phase II trial of chemoradiotherapy plus induction or consolidation chemotherapy as total neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: CAO/ArO/AIO-12.

J Clin Oncol. 37: 3212-3222Fokas E. Schlenska-Lange A. Polat B. et al.

Chemoradiotherapy Plus Induction or Consolidation Chemotherapy as Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Long-term Results of the CAO/ARO/AIO-12 Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA Oncol. 8https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAONCOL.2021.5445Garcia-Aguilar J. Patil S. Gollub M.J. et al.

Organ preservation in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma treated with total neoadjuvant therapy.

J Clin Oncol. 18https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.00032Raldow A.C. Chen A.B. Russell M. et al.

Cost-effectiveness of short-course radiation therapy vs long-course chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer.

JAMA Netw Open. 2: e192249FRANCOIS E. Pernot M. Ronchin P. et al.

NACRE: A randomized study comparing short course radiotherapy with radiochemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancers in the elderly—Preliminary results.

J Clin Oncol. 39: 4

Short-course radiotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy, followed by consolidation chemotherapy, and selective organ preservation for MRI-defined Intermediate and high-risk rectal cancer patients - full text view - ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Complete pathologic response after combined modality treatment for rectal cancer and long-term survival: a meta-analysis.

Ann Surg Oncol. 19: 2822-2832Yeo S.G. Kim D.Y. Kim T.H. et al.

Pathologic complete response of primary tumor following preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: Long-term outcomes and prognostic significance of pathologic nodal status (KROG 09-01).

Ann Surg. 252: 998-1004Erlandsson J. Holm T. Pettersson D. et al.

Optimal fractionation of preoperative radiotherapy and timing to surgery for rectal cancer (Stockholm III): a multicentre, randomised, non-blinded, phase 3, non-inferiority trial.

Lancet Oncol. 18: 336-346Erlandsson J. Lörinc E. Ahlberg M. et al.

Tumour regression after radiotherapy for rectal cancer – Results from the randomised Stockholm III trial.

Radiother Oncol. 135: 178-186Lefevre J.H. Mineur L. Cachanado M. et al.

Does a longer waiting period after neoadjuvant radio-chemotherapy improve the oncological prognosis of rectal cancer?: three years’ follow-up results of the greccar-6 randomized multicenter trial.

Ann Surg. 270https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003530Akgun E. Caliskan C. Bozbiyik O. et al.

Randomized clinical trial of short or long interval between neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery for rectal cancer.

Br J Surg. 105: 1417-1425Garcia-Aguilar J. Chow O.S. Smith D.D. et al.

Effect of adding mFOLFOX6 after neoadjuvant chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer: a multicentre, phase 2 trial.

Lancet Oncol. 16: 957-966van der Valk M.J.M. Hilling D.E. Bastiaannet E. et al.

Long-term outcomes of clinical complete responders after neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer in the International Watch & Wait Database (IWWD): an international multicentre registry study.

Lancet. 391: 2537-2545

Curative Chemoradiation of Low Rectal Cancer - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov.

() ()Bach S.P. Wilt JHW de Peters F. et al.

STAR-TREC phase II: can we save the rectum by watchful waiting or transanal surgery following (chemo)radiotherapy versus total mesorectal excision for early rectal cancer?.

J Clin Oncol. 40: 3502Habr-Gama A. Perez R.O. Nadalin W. et al.

Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results.

Ann Surg. 240: 711-718Chin R.I. Roy A. Pedersen K.S. et al.

Clinical complete response in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma treated with short-course radiation therapy and nonoperative management.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 112: 715-725Smith J.J. Strombom P. Chow O.S. et al.

Assessment of a watch-and-wait strategy for rectal cancer in patients with a complete response after neoadjuvant therapy.

JAMA Oncol. 5: e185896Appelt A.L. Pløen J. Harling H. et al.

High-dose chemoradiotherapy and watchful waiting for distal rectal cancer: a prospective observational study.

Lancet Oncol. 16: 919-927Maas M. Beets-Tan R.G.H. Lambregts D.M.J. et al.

Wait-and-see policy for clinical complete responders after chemoradiation for rectal cancer.

J Clin Oncol. 29: 4633-4640Fernandez L.M. São Julião G.P. Figueiredo N.L. et al.

Conditional recurrence-free survival of clinical complete responders managed by watch and wait after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer in the International Watch & Wait Database: a retrospective, international, multicentre registry study.

Lancet Oncol. 22: 43-50Fokas E. Appelt A. Glynne-Jones R. et al.

International consensus recommendations on key outcome measures for organ preservation after (chemo)radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer.

Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 18: 805-816Ciseł B. Pietrzak L. Michalski W. et al.

Long-course preoperative chemoradiation versus 5 × 5 Gy and consolidation chemotherapy for clinical T4 and fixed clinical T3 rectal cancer: long-term results of the randomized Polish II study.

Ann Oncol. 30: 1298-1303

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