Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2018) Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin 68:7–30

Article  Google Scholar 

Lo UG, Lee CF, Lee MS, Hsieh JT (2017) The role and mechanism of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer progression. Int J Mol Sci 18(10):E2079

Article  Google Scholar 

Hayes JH, Barry MJ (2014) Screening for prostate cancer with the prostate-specific antigen test: a review of current evidence. JAMA 311(11):1143–1149

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Prensner JR, Rubin MA, Wei JT, Chinnaiyan AM (2012) Beyond PSA: the next generation of prostate cancer biomarkers. Sci Transl Med 4:127

Article  Google Scholar 

Damodaran S, Kyriakopoulos CE, Jarrard DF (2017) Newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer: has the paradigm changed? Urol Clin North Am 44(4):611–621

Article  Google Scholar 

Waltering KK, Helenius MA, Sahu B, Manni V, Linja MJ, Jänne OA et al (2009) Increased expression of androgen receptor sensitizes prostate cancer cells to low levels of androgens. Can Res 69:8141–8149

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Zoran C, Frédéric RS (2014) Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 33:413–427

Article  Google Scholar 

Mateo J, Smith A, Ong M, de Bono JS (2014) Novel drugs targeting the androgen receptor pathway in prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 33(2–3):567–579

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Lin Y, Lu Z, Kokontis J, Xiang J (2013) Androgen receptor primes prostate cancer cells to apoptosis through down-regulation of basal p21 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 430:289–293

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Cunha GR, Ricke W, Thomson A, Marker PC, Risbridger G, Hayward SW et al (2004) Hormonal, cellular, and molecular regulation of normal and neoplastic prostatic development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 92:221–236

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Attard G, Cooper CS, De Bono JS (2009) Steroid hormone receptors in prostate cancer: a hard habit to break? Cancer Cell 16(8):458–462

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Manning BD, Cantley LC (2007) AKT/PKB signaling: navigating downstream. Cell 129:1261–1274

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Mediwala SN, Sun H, Szafran AT, Hartig SM, Sonpavde G, Hayes TG et al (2013) The activity of the androgen receptor variant AR-V7 is regulated by FOXO1 in a PTEN-PI3K-AKTdependent way. Prostate 73:267–277

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Trotta AP, Need EF, Selth LA, Chopra S, Pinnock CB, Leach DA et al (2013) Knockdown of the co-chaperone SGTA results in the suppression of androgen and PI3K/AKT signaling and inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation. Int J Cancer 133(12):2812–2823

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gerhauser C, Favero F, Risch T, Weischenfeldt J et al (2018) Molecular evolution of early-onset prostate cancer identifes molecular risk markers and clinical trajectories. Cancer Cell 34(6):996–1011

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Abeshouse A et al (2005) Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network Te molecular taxonomy of primary prostate cancer. Cell 163:1011–1025

Article  Google Scholar 

Bhasin JM, Lee BH, Matkin L, Ting AH et al (2015) Methylome-wide sequencing detects DNA hypermethylation distinguishing indolent from aggressive prostate Cancer. Cell Rep 13:2135–2146

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Yegnasubramanian S, Kowalski J, Gonzalgo ML et al (2004) Hypermethylation of CpG islands in primary and metastatic human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 64:1975–1986

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Herman JG, Baylin SB (2003) Gene silencing in cancer in association with promoter hypermethylation. N Engl J Med 349:2042–2054

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Skvortsova K, Masle-Farquhar E, Luu PL, Clark SJ et al (2019) DNA hypermethylation encroachment at CpG island borders in cancer is predisposed by H3K4 monomethylation patterns. Cancer Cell 35(2):297–314

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Liu CJ, Hu FF, Xia MX, Guo AY et al (2018) GSCALite: a web server for gene set cancer analysis. Bioinformatics 34(21):3771–3772

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Katz MHG, Hu CY, Fleming JB, Pisters PWT, Lee JE, Chang GJ (2012) Clinical calculator of conditional survival estimates for resected and unresected survivors of pancreatic cancer. Arch Surg 147(6):513–519

Article  Google Scholar 

Kent TS, Sachs TE, Sanchez N, Vollmer CM, Callery MP (2011) Conditional survival in pancreatic cancer: better than expected. HPB 13(12):876–880

Article  Google Scholar 

Guo Z, Yang X, Sun F, Jiang R, Linn DE, Chen H et al (2009) A novel androgen receptor splice variant is up-regulated during prostate cancer progression and promotes androgen depletion-resistant growth. Can Res 69:2305–2313

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Carver BS, Chapinski C, Wongvipat J, Hieronymus H, Chen Y, Chandarlapaty S et al (2011) Reciprocal feedback regulation of PI3k and androgen receptor signaling in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 19:575–586

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Crumbaker M, Khoja L, Joshua AM (2017) AR signaling and the PI3K pathway in prostate cancer. Cancers (Basel) 9(4):1–15

Google Scholar 

Chau CH, Figg WD (2005) Molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity of metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 4(2):166–177

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Roudier MP, True LD, Higano CS, Vesselle H, Ellis W, Lange P, Vessella RL (2003) Phenotypic heterogeneity of end-stage prostate carcinoma metastatic to bone. Hum Pathol 34:646–653

Article  Google Scholar 

Carver BS, Chapinski C, Wongvipat J, Hieronymus H, Chen Y, Chandarlapaty S, Arora VK, Le C et al (2011) Reciprocal feedback regulation of PI3k and androgen receptor signaling in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 19(5):575–586

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Mulholland DJ, Tran LM, Li Y, Cai H, Morim A, Wang S, Plaisier S, Garraway IP et al (2011) Cell autonomous role of PTEN in regulating castration-resistant prostate cancer growth. Cancer Cell 19(6):792–804

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Bedford MT, Van Helden PD (1987) Hypomethylation of DNA in pathological conditions of the human prostate. Cancer Res 47:5274–5276

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paziewska A, Dabrowska M, Goryca K et al (2014) DNA methylation status is more reliable than gene expression at detecting cancer in prostate biopsy. Br J Cancer 111:781–789

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Yegnasubramanian S, Háner MC, Zhang Y et al (2008) DNA hypomethylation arises later in prostate cancer progression than CpG island hypermethylation and contributes to metastatic tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Res 68:8954–8967

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Fraser M, Sabelnykova VY, Yamaguchi TN, Boutros PC et al (2017) Genomic hallmarks of localized, non-indolent prostate cancer. Nature 541(7637):359–364

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhao SG, Chang SL, Erho N, Feng FY et al (2017) Associations of luminal and basal subtyping of prostate cancer with prognosis and response to androgen deprivation therapy. JAMA Oncol 3(12):1663–1672

Article  Google Scholar