Santos, A. A. et al. Spatial metabolomics and its application in the liver. Hepatology 79, 1158–1179 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schulze, R. J. et al. The cell biology of the hepatocyte: a membrane trafficking machine. J. Cell Biol. 218, 2096–2112 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han, H. et al. Danger signals in liver injury and restoration of homeostasis. J. Hepatol. 73, 933–951 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Devarbhavi, H. et al. Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update. J. Hepatol. 79, 516–537 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong, M. C. S. et al. The changing epidemiology of liver diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16, 57–73 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vilar-Gomez, E. & Chalasani, N. Non-invasive assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Clinical prediction rules and blood-based biomarkers. J. Hepatol. 68, 305–315 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tapper, E. B. & Parikh, N. D. Diagnosis and management of cirrhosis and its complications: a review. JAMA 329, 1589–1602 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ginès, P. et al. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet 398, 1359–1376 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

GBD 2017 Cirrhosis Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 5, 245–266 (2020).

Sung, H. et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71, 209–249 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stanaway, J. D. et al. The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 388, 1081–1088 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rehm, J. et al. Alcohol as a risk factor for liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Rev. 29, 437–445 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Le, M. H. et al. 2019 Global NAFLD Prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 20, 2809–2817.e2828 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han, J. et al. Declining disease burden of HCC in the United States, 1992-2017: a population-based analysis. Hepatology 76, 576–588 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen, J. et al. Sedentary lifestyle, physical activity, and gastrointestinal diseases: evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis. EBioMedicine 103, 105110 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ivancovsky Wajcman, D. et al. A narrative review of lifestyle management guidelines for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Hepatology https://doi.org/10.1097/hep.0000000000001058 (2024).

Wong, V. W., Ekstedt, M., Wong, G. L. & Hagström, H. Changing epidemiology, global trends and implications for outcomes of NAFLD. J. Hepatol. 79, 842–852 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sheron, N. Alcohol and liver disease in Europe-Simple measures have the potential to prevent tens of thousands of premature deaths. J. Hepatol. 64, 957–967 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seitz, H. K. et al. Alcoholic liver disease. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 4, 16 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Askgaard, G. et al. Population-based study of alcohol-related liver disease in england in 2001-2018: influence of socioeconomic position. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 119, 1337–1345 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Younossi, Z. M., Wong, G., Anstee, Q. M. & Henry, L. The global burden of liver disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21, 1978–1991 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang, H., Room, R. & Hao, W. Alcohol and related health issues in China: action needed. Lancet Glob. Health 3, e190–e191 (2015).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manns, M. P. & Maasoumy, B. Breakthroughs in hepatitis C research: from discovery to cure. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 19, 533–550 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trickey, A. et al. The effectiveness of low dead space syringes for reducing the risk of hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: findings from a National Survey in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Clin. Infect. Dis. 75, 1073–1077 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Falade-Nwulia, O. et al. Oral direct-acting agent therapy for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Ann. Intern Med 166, 637–648 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2, 161–176 (2017).

Lemon, S. M., Ott, J. J., Van Damme, P. & Shouval, D. Type A viral hepatitis: a summary and update on the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention. J. Hepatol. 68, 167–184 (2017).

Hakim, M. S. et al. The global burden of hepatitis E outbreaks: a systematic review. Liver Int. 37, 19–31 (2017).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bray, F. et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 74, 229–263 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barouki, R. et al. The exposome and liver disease—how environmental factors affect liver health. J. Hepatol. 79, 492–505 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rani, J., Dhull, S. B., Rose, P. K. & Kidwai, M. K. Drug-induced liver injury and anti-hepatotoxic effect of herbal compounds: a metabolic mechanism perspective. Phytomedicine 122, 155142 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Organization, W. H. WHO Position Paper on Hepatitis A Vaccines https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9740-493-512 (2022).

Jacobsen, K. H. Globalization and the changing epidemiology of hepatitis A virus. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 8 (2018).

Jacobsen, K. H. & Wiersma, S. T. Hepatitis A virus seroprevalence by age and world region, 1990 and 2005. Vaccine 28, 6653–6657 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Damme, P. et al. Hepatitis A virus infection. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 9, 51 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Migueres, M., Lhomme, S. & Izopet, J. Hepatitis A: epidemiology, high-risk groups, prevention and research on antiviral treatment. Viruses 13 (2021).

Khuroo, M. S., Khuroo, M. S. & Khuroo, N. S. Transmission of Hepatitis E virus in developing countries. Viruses 8 (2016).

Zeng, D. Y. et al. Global burden of acute viral hepatitis and its association with socioeconomic development status, 1990-2019. J. Hepatol. 75, 547–556 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ricci, A. et al. Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food-borne pathogen. EFSA J. 15, e04886 (2017).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thom, K. et al. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Scotland: evidence of recent increase in viral circulation in humans. Euro Surveill. 23 (2018).

Dalton, H. R. & Izopet, J. Transmission and epidemiology of Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 and 4 infections. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 8 (2018).

Mahrt, H. et al. Continuous decline of hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in southern Germany despite increasing notifications, 2003-2015. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 7, 133 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shen, T. et al. Incidence and etiology of drug-induced liver injury in Mainland China. Gastroenterology 156, 2230–2241.e2211 (2019).

Article