Olsen MH, Angell SY, Asma S, Boutouyrie P, Burger D, Chirinos JA, Damasceno A, Delles C, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Hering D, López-Jaramillo P, Martinez F, Perkovic V, Rietzschel ER, Schillaci G, Schutte AE, Scuteri A, Sharman JE, Wachtell K, Wang JG (2016) A call to action and a lifecourse strategy to address the global burden of raised blood pressure on current and future generations: the Lancet Commission on hypertension. Lancet 388(10060):2665–2712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31134-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monticone S, Burrello J, Tizzani D, Bertello C, Viola A, Buffolo F, Gabetti L, Mengozzi G, Williams TA, Rabbia F, Veglio F, Mulatero P (2017) Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in primary care practice. J Am Coll Cardiol 69(14):1811–1820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.052

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu Z, Yang J, Hu J, Song Y, He W, Luo T, Cheng Q, Ma L, Luo R, Fuller PJ, Cai J, Li Q, Yang S (2020) Chongqing Primary Aldosteronism Study (CONPASS) Group. Primary aldosteronism in patients in China with recently detected hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 75(16):1913–1922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.052

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Calhoun DA, Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Thakkar RB, Weissmann P (2002) Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 40(6):892–896. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.0000040261.30455.b6

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Douma S, Petidis K, Doumas M, Papaefthimiou P, Triantafyllou A, Kartali N, Papadopoulos N, Vogiatzis K, Zamboulis C (2008) Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in resistant hypertension: a retrospective observational study. Lancet 371(9628):1921–1926. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60834-X

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Burrello J, Monticone S, Losano I, Cavaglià G, Buffolo F, Tetti M, Covella M, Rabbia F, Veglio F, Pasini B, Williams TA, Mulatero P (2020) Prevalence of hypokalemia and primary aldosteronism in 5100 patients referred to a tertiary hypertension unit. Hypertension 75(4):1025–1033. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14063

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Monticone S, Sconfienza E, D’Ascenzo F, Buffolo F, Satoh F, Sechi LA, Veglio F, Mulatero P (2020) Renal damage in primary aldosteronism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 38(1):3–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002216

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Monticone S, D’Ascenzo F, Moretti C, Williams TA, Veglio F, Gaita F, Mulatero P (2018) Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6(1):41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30319-4

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hundemer GL, Curhan GC, Yozamp N, Wang M, Vaidya A (2018) Cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality in medically treated primary aldosteronism: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6(1):51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30367-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, Murad MH, Reincke M, Shibata H, Stowasser M, Young WF Jr (2016) The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101(5):1889– 916. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-4061. Epub 2016 Mar 2. PMID: 26934393

Mulatero P, Monticone S, Deinum J, Amar L, Prejbisz A, Zennaro MC, Beuschlein F, Rossi GP, Nishikawa T, Morganti A, Seccia TM, Lin YH, Fallo F, Widimsky J (2020) Genetics, prevalence, screening and confirmation of primary aldosteronism: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 38(10):1919–1928. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002510

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cohen JB, Cohen DL, Herman DS, Leppert JT, Byrd JB, Bhalla V (2021) Testing for primary aldosteronism and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use among U.S. veterans: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 174(3):289–297. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-4873

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hundemer GL, Imsirovic H, Vaidya A, Yozamp N, Goupil R, Madore F, Agharazii M, Knoll G, Sood MM (2022) Screening rates for primary aldosteronism among individuals with hypertension plus hypokalemia: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Hypertension 79(1):178–186. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18118

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Omura M, Saito J, Yamaguchi K, Kakuta Y, Nishikawa T (2004) Prospective study on the prevalence of secondary hypertension among hypertensive patients visiting a general outpatient clinic in Japan. Hypertens Res 27(3):193–202. https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.27.193

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lenders JWM, Kerstens MN, Amar L, Prejbisz A, Robledo M, Taieb D, Pacak K, Crona J, Zelinka T, Mannelli M, Deutschbein T, Timmers HJLM, Castinetti F, Dralle H, Widimský J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Eisenhofer G (2020) Genetics, diagnosis, management and future directions of research of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 38(8):1443–1456. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002438

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Amar L, Servais A, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Zinzindohoue F, Chatellier G, Plouin PF (2005) Year of diagnosis, features at presentation, and risk of recurrence in patients with pheochromocytoma or secreting paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(4):2110–2116. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1398

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

de Freminville JB, Amar L, Azizi M, Mallart-Riancho J (2023) Endocrine causes of hypertension: literature review and practical approach. Hypertens Res 46(12):2679–2692. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-023-01461-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Falhammar H, Kjellman M, Calissendorff J (2018) Initial clinical presentation and spectrum of pheochromocytoma: a study of 94 cases from a single center. Endocr Connect 7(1):186–192. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0321

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gruber LM, Hartman RP, Thompson GB, McKenzie TJ, Lyden ML, Dy BM, Young WF, Bancos I (2019) Pheochromocytoma characteristics and behavior differ depending on method of discovery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(5):1386–1393. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-01707

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petrák O, Krátká Z, Holaj R, Zítek M, Nguyen Nikrýnová T, Klímová J, Kološová B, Waldauf P, Michalský D, Novák K, Markvartová A, Zlatohlávek L, Grus T, Dušková J, Widimský J Jr, Zelinka T (2024) Cardiovascular complications in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: does phenotype matter? Hypertension 81(3):595–603. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21902

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eisenhofer G, Pamporaki C, Lenders JWM (2023) Biochemical assessment of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr Rev 44(5):862–909. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnad011

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mulatero P, Monticone S, Burrello J, Veglio F, Williams TA, Funder J (2016) Guidelines for primary aldosteronism: uptake by primary care physicians in Europe. J Hypertens 34(11):2253–2257. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001088

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Parasiliti-Caprino M, Lopez C, Prencipe N, Lucatello B, Settanni F, Giraudo G, Rossato D, Mengozzi G, Ghigo E, Benso A, Maccario M (2020) Prevalence of primary aldosteronism and association with cardiovascular complications in patients with resistant and refractory hypertension. J Hypertens 38(9):1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002441

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, Ceconi C, Christodorescu RM, Daskalopoulou SS, Ferro CJ, Gerdts E, Hanssen H, Harris J, Lauder L, McManus RJ, Molloy GJ, Rahimi K, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Rossi GP, Sandset EC, Scheenaerts B, Staessen JA, Uchmanowicz I, Volterrani M, Touyz RM, ESC Scientific Document Group (2024) 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J ehae178. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178

Article  Google Scholar 

Libianto R, Russell GM, Stowasser M, Gwini SM, Nuttall P, Shen J, Young MJ, Fuller PJ, Yang J (2022) Detecting primary aldosteronism in Australian primary care: a prospective study. Med J Aust 216(8):408–412. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51438

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mulatero P, Bertello C, Veglio F, Monticone S (2022) Approach to the patient on antihypertensive therapy: screen for primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 107(11):3175–3181. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac460

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buffolo F, Burrello J, Burrello A, Heinrich D, Adolf C, Müller LM, Chen R, Forestiero V, Sconfienza E, Tetti M, Veglio F, Williams TA, Mulatero P, Monticone S (2021) Clinical score and machine learning-based model to Predict diagnosis of primary aldosteronism in arterial hypertension. Hypertension 78(5):1595–1604. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17444

Article  PubMed  CAS