Hay M, Thomas DW, Craighead JL, Economides C, Rosenthal J. Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32:40–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Jeon H. 3D cell cultures toward quantitative high-throughput drug screening. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2022;43:569–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Engel M, Belfiore L, Aghaei B, Sutija M. Enabling high throughput drug discovery in 3D cell cultures through a novel bioprinting workflow. SLAS Technol. 2022;27:32–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar P, Jimenez Franco A, Zhao X. 3D culture of fibroblasts and neuronal cells on microfabricated free-floating carriers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2023;227: 113350.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lv D, Hu Z, Lu L, Lu H, Xu X. Three-dimensional cell culture: A powerful tool in tumor research and drug discovery. Oncol Lett. 2017;14:6999–7010.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cao X, Gibbs ST, Fang L, Miller HA, Landowski CP, Shin HC, et al. Why is it challenging to predict intestinal drug absorption and oral bioavailability in human using rat model. Pharm Res. 2006;23:1675–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clancy R. Immunobiotics and the probiotic evolution. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003;38:9–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suntharalingam G, Perry MR, Ward S, Brett SJ, Castello-Cortes A, Brunner MD, et al. Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1018–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macedo MH, Torras N, García-Díaz M, Barrias C, Sarmento B, Martínez E. The shape of our gut: dissecting its impact on drug absorption in a 3D bioprinted intestinal model. Biomater Adv. 2023;153: 213564.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dosh RH, Essa A, Jordan-Mahy N, Sammon C, Maitre CL. Use of hydrogel scaffolds to develop an in vitro 3D culture model of human intestinal epithelium. Acta Biomater. 2017;62:128–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pires CL, Praça C, Martins PAT, Carvalho ALMB, Ferreira L, Marques MP, et al. Re-use of caco-2 monolayers in permeability assays—Validation regarding cell monolayer integrity. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13:1563.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chitcholtan K, Asselin E, Parent S, Sykes PH, Evans JJ. Differences in growth properties of endometrial cancer in three dimensional (3D) culture and 2D cell monolayer. Exp Cell Res. 2013;319:75–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SY, Koo IS, Hwang HJ, Lee DW. In Vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell culture tools for spheroid and organoid models. SLAS Discov. 2023;28:119–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Langhans SA. Three-dimensional in vitro cell culture models in drug discovery and drug repositioning. Front Pharmacol. 2018:9:6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pimenta J, Ribeiro R, Almeida R, Costa PF, Silva MA, Pereira B. Organ-on-chip approaches for intestinal 3D in vitro modeling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;13:351–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Bryan LK, Cohen ND, Tetrault TL, Szule JA, Barhoumi R, et al. NSAIDs disrupt intestinal homeostasis by suppressing macroautophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. Sci Rep. 2019;9:1–15.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shaban L, Chen Y, Fasciano AC, Lin Y, Kaplan D, Kumamoto CA, et al. A 3D intestinal tissue model supports Clostridioides difficile germination, colonization, toxin production and epithelial damage. Anaerobe. 2018;50:85–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yuan T, Fu X, Hu R, Zheng X, Jiang D, Jing L, et al. Bioprinted, spatially defined breast tumor microenvironment models of intratumoral heterogeneity and drug resistance. Trends Biotechnol. 2024;42:1–20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ortega JS, Corrales-Orovio R, Ralph P, Egaña JT, Gentile C. Photosynthetic microorganisms for the oxygenation of advanced 3D bioprinted tissues. Acta Biomater. 2023;165:180–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barmshuri M, Kholdebarin B, Sadeghi S. Applications of comet and MTT assays in studying Dunaliella algae species. Algal Res. 2023;70: 103018.

Article  Google Scholar 

Srinivasan B, Kolli AR, Esch MB, Abaci HE, Shuler ML, Hickman JJ. TEER measurement techniques for in vitro barrier model systems. J Lab Autom. 2015;20:107–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Macedo MH, Martínez E, Barrias CC, Sarmento B. Development of an improved 3D in vitro intestinal model to perform permeability studies of paracellular compounds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:1–17.

Article  Google Scholar 

de Martino M, Chiarugi A, Boner A, Montini G, D’Angelis GL. Working towards an appropriate use of ibuprofen in children: an evidence-based appraisal. Drugs. 2017;77:1295–311.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verhulsel M, Simon A, Bernheim-Dennery M, Gannavarapu VR, Gérémie L, Ferraro D, et al. Developing an advanced gut on chip model enabling the study of epithelial cell/fibroblast interactions. Lab Chip. 2021;21:365–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brügger MD, Basler K. The diverse nature of intestinal fibroblasts in development, homeostasis, and disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2023;33:834–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sinnecker H, Ramaker K, Frey A. Coating with luminal gut-constituents alters adherence of nanoparticles to intestinal epithelial cells. Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2014;5:2308–15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kaelyn DS, Michael T, Terry L. Morphogenesis and compartmentalization of the intestinal crypt. Physiol Behav. 2017;176:100–6.

Google Scholar 

Cummins PM. Occludin: one protein, many forms. Mol Cell Biol. 2012;32:242–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arie H, Sandra DCP, Xenia H, Turner JR. Paracellular permeability and tight junction regulation in gut health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20:417–32.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ayehunie S, Landry T, Stevens Z, Armento A, Hayden P, Klausner M. Human primary cell-based organotypic microtissues for modeling small intestinal drug absorption. Pharm Res. 2018;35:72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cárdenas PA, Kratz JM, Hernández A, Costa GM, Ospina LF, Baena Y, et al. In vitro intestinal permeability studies, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 6-methylcoumarin after oral and intraperitoneal administration in Wistar rats. Brazilian J Pharm Sci. 2017;53: e16081.

Google Scholar 

Schoultz I, Keita ÅV. The intestinal barrier and current techniques for the assessment of gut permeability. Cells. 2020;9:1909.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Felsenthal N, Vignjevic DM. Stand by me: Fibroblasts regulation of the intestinal epithelium during development and homeostasis. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2022;78: 102116.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schneider H, Pelaseyed T, Svensson F, Johansson MEV. Study of mucin turnover in the small intestine by in vivo labeling. Sci Rep. 2018;8:5760.

Article