Nordin BE, Morris HA (1989) The calcium deficiency model for osteoporosis. Nutr Rev 47:65–72

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thompson ER, Baylink DJ, Wergedal JE (1975) Increases in number and size of osteoclasts in response to calcium or phosphorus deficiency in the rat. Endocrinology 97:283–289

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stauffer M, Baylink D, Wergedal J, Rich C (1973) Decreased bone formation, mineralization, and enhanced resorption in calcium-deficient rats. Am J Physiol 225:269–276

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mundy GR, Guise TA (1999) Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis. Clin Chem 45:1347–1352

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drivdahl RH, Liu CC, Baylink DJ (1984) Regulation of bone repletion in rats subjected to varying low-calcium stress. Am J Physiol 246:R190–R196

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bronner F (1994) Calcium and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr 60:831–836

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sheng MH, Lau KW, Lakhan R, Ahmed ASI, Rundle CH, Biswanath P, Baylink DJ (2017) Unique regenerative mechanism to replace bone lost during dietary bone depletion in weanling mice. Endocrinology 158:714–729

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sims NA, Martin TJ (2014) Coupling the activities of bone formation and resorption: a multitude of signals within the basic multicellular unit. Bonekey Rep 3:481

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim BJ, Koh JM (2019) Coupling factors involved in preserving bone balance. Cell Mol Life Sci 76:1243–1253

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Henriksen K, Karsdal MA, Martin TJ (2014) Osteoclast-derived coupling factors in bone remodeling. Calcif Tissue Int 94:88–97

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pereira RC, Economides AN, Canalis E (2000) Bone morphogenetic proteins induce gremlin, a protein that limits their activity in osteoblasts. Endocrinology 141:4558–4563

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canalis E, Economides AN, Gazzerro E (2003) Bone morphogenetic proteins, their antagonists, and the skeleton. Endocr Rev 24:218–235

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stabile H, Mitola S, Moroni E, Belleri M, Nicoli S, Coltrini D, Peri F, Pessi A, Orsatti L, Talamo F, Castronovo V, Waltregny D, Cotelli F, Ribatti D, Presta M (2007) Bone morphogenic protein antagonist Drm/gremlin is a novel proangiogenic factor. Blood 109:1834–1840

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kosinski C, Li VS, Chan AS, Zhang J, Ho C, Tsui WY, Chan TL, Mifflin RC, Powell DW, Yuen ST, Leung SY, Chen X (2007) Gene expression patterns of human colon tops and basal crypts and BMP antagonists as intestinal stem cell niche factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:15418–15423

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gazzerro E, Smerdel-Ramoya A, Zanotti S, Stadmeyer L, Durant D, Economides AN, Canalis E (2007) Conditional deletion of gremlin causes a transient increase in bone formation and bone mass. J Biol Chem 282:31549–31557

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gazzerro E, Pereira RC, Jorgetti V, Olson S, Economides AN, Canalis E (2005) Skeletal overexpression of gremlin impairs bone formation and causes osteopenia. Endocrinology 146:655–665

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khokha MK, Hsu D, Brunet LJ, Dionne MS, Harland RM (2003) Gremlin is the BMP antagonist required for maintenance of Shh and Fgf signals during limb patterning. Nat Genet 34:303–307

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canalis E, Parker K, Zanotti S (2012) Gremlin1 is required for skeletal development and postnatal skeletal homeostasis. J Cell Physiol 227:269–277

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kaneko H, Arakawa T, Mano H, Kaneda T, Ogasawara A, Nakagawa M, Toyama Y, Yabe Y, Kumegawa M, Hakeda Y (2000) Direct stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and expression of BMP receptors in mature osteoclasts. Bone 27:479–486

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lau KW, Stiffel VM, Rundle CH, Amoui M, Tapia J, White TD, Sheng MH (2017) Conditional disruption of miR17~92 in osteoclasts led to activation of osteoclasts and loss of trabecular bone in part through suppression of the miR17-mediated downregulation of protein-tyrosine phosphatase-oc in mice. JBMR Plus 1:73–85

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sheng MH, Lau KH, Beamer WG, Baylink DJ, Wergedal JE (2004) In vivo and in vitro evidence that the high osteoblastic activity in C3H/HeJ mice compared to C57BL/6J mice is intrinsic to bone cells. Bone 35:711–719

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sheng MH, Baylink DJ, Beamer WG, Donahue LR, Rosen CJ, Lau KH, Wergedal JE (1999) Histomorphometric studies show that bone formation and bone mineral apposition rates are greater in C3H/HeJ (high-density) than C57BL/6J (low-density) mice during growth. Bone 25:421–429

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suhr SM, Pamula S, Baylink DJ, Lau KH (2001) Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide evidence that a unique osteoclastic protein-tyrosine phosphatase is essential for osteoclastic resorption. J Bone Miner Res 16:1795–1803

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geng W, Wright GL (2001) Skeletal sensitivity to dietary calcium deficiency is increased in the female compared with the male rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 79:379–385

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lees RL, Heersche JN (2000) Differences in regulation of pH(i) in large (>/=10 nuclei) and small (</=5 nuclei) osteoclasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279:C751-761

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lees RL, Heersche JN (1999) Macrophage colony stimulating factor increases bone resorption in dispersed osteoclast cultures by increasing osteoclast size. J Bone Miner Res 14:937–945

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Piper K, Boyde A, Jones SJ (1992) The relationship between the number of nuclei of an osteoclast and its resorptive capability in vitro. Anat Embryol (Berl) 186:291–299

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu CC, Howard GA (1991) Bone-cell changes in estrogen-induced bone-mass increase in mice: dissociation of osteoclasts from bone surfaces. Anat Rec 229:240–250

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wozney JM, Rosen V (1998) Bone morphogenetic protein and bone morphogenetic protein gene family in bone formation and repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res 346:26–37

Article  Google Scholar 

Sakou T (1998) Bone morphogenetic proteins: from basic studies to clinical approaches. Bone 22:591–603

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gennari C, Agnusdei D, Nardi P, Civitelli R (1990) Estrogen preserves a normal intestinal responsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in oophorectomized women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:1288–1293

Article  CAS  PubMed