An J, Jin SH, Lee SH Cortical activation pattern for grasping during observation, imagery, execution, FES, and observation-FES integrated BCI: An fNIRS pilot study. In: 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Society et al (2013) (EMBC). IEEE, pp 6345–6348

Anwar AR, Muthalib M, Perrey S et al (2016) Effective connectivity of cortical sensorimotor networks during finger movement tasks: a simultaneous fNIRS, fMRI, EEG study. Brain Topogr 29:645–660

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bach P, Frank C, Kunde W (2022) Why motor imagery is not really motoric: Towards a re-conceptualization in terms of effect-based action control. Psychol Res 1–15

Bhattacharjee S, Kashyap R, Abualait T et al (2021) The role of primary motor cortex: more than movement execution. J Mot Behav 53:258–274

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

CANEDO A (1997) Primary motor cortex influences on the descending and ascending systems. Prog Neurobiol 51:287–335

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chouinard PA, Paus T (2006) The primary motor and premotor areas of the human cerebral cortex. Neurosci 12:143–152

Google Scholar 

Chow MSM, Wu SL, Webb SE et al (2017) Functional magnetic resonance imaging and the brain: A brief review. World J Radiol 9:5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cui X, Bray S, Bryant DM et al (2011) A quantitative comparison of NIRS and fMRI across multiple cognitive tasks. NeuroImage 54:2808–2821

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cullen KE (2004) Sensory signals during active versus passive movement. Curr Opin Neurobiol 14:698–706

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferrari M, Quaresima V (2012) A brief review on the history of human functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) development and fields of application. NeuroImage 63:921–935

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Filimon F, Nelson JD, Hagler DJ, Sereno MI (2007) Human cortical representations for reaching: mirror neurons for execution, observation, and imagery. NeuroImage 37:1315–1328

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frank C, Schack T (2017) The representation of motor (inter) action, states of action, and learning: three perspectives on motor learning by way of imagery and execution. Front Psychol 8:678

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gallego JA, Makin TR, McDougle SD (2022) Going beyond primary motor cortex to improve brain–computer interfaces. Trends Neurosci 45:176–183

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gandolla M, Ferrante S, Molteni F et al (2014) Re-thinking the role of motor cortex: context-sensitive motor outputs? NeuroImage 91:366–374

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Georgopoulos AP, Kalaska JF, Caminiti R, Massey JT (1982) On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex. J Neurosci 2:1527–1537

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Glover GH (2011) Overview of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurg Clin 22:133–139

Article  Google Scholar 

Guillot A, Rienzo F, Di, Frank C et al (2024) From simulation to motor execution: a review of the impact of dynamic motor imagery on performance. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol 17:420–439

Article  Google Scholar 

Guzzetta A, Staudt M, Petacchi E et al (2007) Brain representation of active and passive hand movements in children. Pediatr Res 61:485–490

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hari R, Forss N, Avikainen S et al (1998) Activation of human primary motor cortex during action observation: a neuromagnetic study. Proc Natl Acad Sci 95:15061–15065

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Henschke JU, Pakan JMP (2023) Engaging distributed cortical and cerebellar networks through motor execution, observation, and imagery. Front Syst Neurosci 17:1165307

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Herold F, Wiegel P, Scholkmann F, Müller NG (2018) Applications of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging in exercise–cognition science: a systematic, methodology-focused review. J Clin Med 7:466

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hétu S, Grégoire M, Saimpont A et al (2013) The neural network of motor imagery: An ALE meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:930–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.017

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoshi Y (2005) Functional near-infrared spectroscopy: potential and limitations in neuroimaging studies. Int Rev Neurobiol 66:237–266

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huo C, Xu G, Li W et al (2021) A review on functional near-infrared spectroscopy and application in stroke rehabilitation. Med Nov Technol Devices 11:100064

Article  Google Scholar 

Huppert T, Barker J, Schmidt B et al (2017) Comparison of group-level, source localized activity for simultaneous functional near-infrared spectroscopy-magnetoencephalography and simultaneous fNIRS-fMRI during parametric median nerve stimulation. Neurophotonics 4:15001

Article  Google Scholar 

Hurst AJ, Boe SG (2022) Imagining the way forward: A review of contemporary motor imagery theory. Front Hum Neurosci 16:1033493

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jalalvandi M, Sharini H, Naderi Y, Alam NR (2019) Assessment of brain cortical activation in passive movement during wrist task using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Front Biomed Technol 6:99–105

Google Scholar 

Jalalvandi M, Alam NR, Sharini H et al (2021) Brain cortical activation during imagining of the wrist movement using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). J Biomed Phys Eng 11:583

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jeannerod M (1994) The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behav Brain Sci 17:187–202

Article  Google Scholar 

Jin SH, Lee SH, Jang GH et al (2014) Cortical activation by fNIRS and fMRI during grasping in patient with traumatic brain injury: A case study. In: 2014 International Winter Workshop on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). IEEE, pp 1–4

Klein F, Debener S, Witt K, Kranczioch C (2022) fMRI-based validation of continuous-wave fNIRS of supplementary motor area activation during motor execution and motor imagery. Sci Rep 12:3570

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kotoula V, Evans JW, Punturieri CE, Zarate CA Jr (2023) The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in clinical trials and experimental research studies for depression. Front Neuroimaging 2:1110258

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kraeutner SN, Ingram TGJ, Boe SG (2017) The effector independent nature of motor imagery: Evidence from rTMS induced inhibition to the primary motor cortices. Neuropsychologia 97:1–8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SH, Jin SH, An J (2018) Distinction of directional coupling in sensorimotor networks between active and passive finger movements using fNIRS. Biomed Opt Express 9:2859–2870

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee SH, Jin SH, An J (2019) The difference in cortical activation pattern for complex motor skills: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Sci Rep 9:14066

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li L, Zhang Y, Fan L et al (2023) Activation of the brain during motor imagination task with auditory stimulation. Front Neurosci 17:1130685

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liang L-Y, Shewokis PA, Getchell N (2016) Brain activation in the prefrontal cortex during motor and cognitive tasks in adults. J Behav Brain Sci 6:463–474

Article  Google Scholar 

Lotze M, Zentgraf K (2010) Contribution of the primary motor cortex to motor imagery. Neurophysiol Found Ment Mot Imag 31:46

Google Scholar 

Luft AR, Schwarz S (2009) Dopaminergic signals in primary motor cortex. Int J Dev Neurosci 27:415–421

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macuga KL, Frey SH (2012) Neural representations involved in observed, imagined, and imitated actions are dissociable and hierarchically organized. NeuroImage 59:2798–2807

Article