Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors. 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:795–820.

Article  Google Scholar 

Saini V, Guada L, Yavagal DR. Global epidemiology of stroke and access to acute ischemic stroke interventions. Neurology. 2021;97:S6–S16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rana AK, Singh D. Targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 for oxidative stress and neuroinflammation: opportunities, challenges and future directions for cerebral stroke management. Neuropharmacology. 2018;139:124–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lambertsen KL, Finsen B, Clausen BH. Post-stroke inflammation-target or tool for therapy? Acta Neuropathol. 2019;137:693–714.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang D, Lu Z, Zhang Z, Man J, Guo R, Liu C, et al. A likely protective effect of dimethyl itaconate on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019;77:105924.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu X, Li P, Guo Y, Wang H, Leak RK, Chen S, et al. Microglia/macrophage polarization dynamics reveal novel mechanism of injury expansion after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2012;43:3063–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu M, Xu Z, Wang L, Zhang L, Liu Y, Cao J, et al. Cottonseed oil alleviates ischemic stroke injury by inhibiting the inflammatory activation of microglia and astrocyte. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17:270.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu T, Liu M, Zhang T, Liu W, Xu H, Mu F, et al. Z-Guggulsterone attenuates astrocytes-mediated neuroinflammation after ischemia by inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 pathway. J Neurochem. 2018;147:803–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen S, Dong Z, Cheng M, Zhao Y, Wang M, Sai N, et al. Homocysteine exaggerates microglia activation and neuroinflammation through microglia localized STAT3 overactivation following ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14:187.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu J, Zhu YM, Guo Y, Lin L, Wang ZX, Gu F, et al. Inhibition of GSK3beta and RIP1K attenuates glial scar formation induced by ischemic stroke via reduction of inflammatory cytokine production. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:812.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He T, Yang G, Zhang Z. Crosstalk of astrocytes and other cells during ischemic stroke. Life. 2022;12:910.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu LR, Liu JC, Bao JS, Bai QQ, Wang GQ. Interaction of microglia and astrocytes in the neurovascular unit. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1024.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE, Bennett FC, Bohlen CJ, Schirmer L, et al. Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature. 2017;541:481–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Xing H, Wan L, Jiang X, Wang C, Wu Y. Treatment targets for M2 microglia polarization in ischemic stroke. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;105:518–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu J, Tu Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Sun X, Xie L, et al. Prodrug of epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates choroidal neovascularization via down-regulating HIF-1alpha/VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway and M1 type macrophage/microglia polarization. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;121:109606.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jha MK, Jo M, Kim JH, Suk K. Microglia-astrocyte crosstalk: An intimate molecular conversation. Neuroscientist. 2019;25:227–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu W, Tang Y, Feng J. Cross talk between activation of microglia and astrocytes in pathological conditions in the central nervous system. Life Sci. 2011;89:141–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu CY, Fang M, Karthikeyan A, Yuan Y, Ling EA. Scutellarin attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and promotes astrogliosis in cerebral ischemia - a therapeutic consideration. Curr Med Chem. 2017;24:718–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McAlpine CS, Park J, Griciuc A, Kim E, Choi SH, Iwamoto Y, et al. Astrocytic interleukin-3 programs microglia and limits Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2021;595:701–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuroda E, Ho V, Ruschmann J, Antignano F, Hamilton M, Rauh MJ, et al. SHIP represses the generation of IL-3-induced M2 macrophages by inhibiting IL-4 production from basophils. J Immunol. 2009;183:3652–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao S, Mi Y, Guan B, Zheng B, Wei P, Gu Y, et al. Tumor-derived exosomal miR-934 induces macrophage M2 polarization to promote liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13:156.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yogesha SD, Khapli SM, Srivastava RK, Mangashetti LS, Pote ST, Mishra GC, et al. IL-3 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced bone resorption and prevents inflammatory arthritis. J Immunol. 2009;182:361–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Srivastava RK, Tomar GB, Barhanpurkar AP, Gupta N, Pote ST, Mishra GC, et al. IL-3 attenuates collagen-induced arthritis by modulating the development of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2011;186:2262–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Achen MG, Jeltsch M, Kukk E, Makinen T, Vitali A, Wilks AF, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) is a ligand for the tyrosine kinases VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1) and VEGF receptor 3 (Flt4). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:548–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baldwin ME, Catimel B, Nice EC, Roufail S, Hall NE, Stenvers KL, et al. The specificity of receptor binding by vascular endothelial growth factor-d is different in mouse and man. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:19166–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li H, Zhang R, Hu Y, Li J, Yang Y, Wu D, et al. Axitinib attenuates the progression of liver fibrosis by restoring mitochondrial function. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;122:110555.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang F, Wen L, Wang K, Huang Z, Jin X, Xiong R, et al. Effect of axitinib regulating the pathological blood-brain barrier functional recovery for glioblastoma therapeutics. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2022;28:411–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu YM, Lin L, Wei C, Guo Y, Qin Y, Li ZS, et al. The key regulator of necroptosis, RIP1 kinase, contributes to the formation of astrogliosis and glial scar in ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res. 2021;12:991–1017.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bersuker K, Peterson C, To M, Sahl SJ, Savikhin V, Grossman EA, et al. A proximity labeling strategy provides insights into the composition and dynamics of lipid droplet proteomes. Dev Cell. 2018;44:97–112.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ralhan I, Chang C, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Ioannou MS. Lipid droplets in the nervous system. J Cell Biol. 2021;220:e202102136.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ioannou MS, Jackson J, Sheu SH, Chang CL, Weigel AV, Liu H, et al. Neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling protects against activity-induced fatty acid toxicity. Cell. 2019;177:1522–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar