Dear Editor,

Vitamin D deficiency remains a global health concern, particularly among children. Emerging evidence reports children with congenital ichthyosis face a greater risk with more severe deficiency, clinical and/or radiological evidence of rickets being observed in 41% of children with congenital ichthyosis against 10.8% of apparently healthy children.1,2 The primary step of vitamin D production involves the skin; incidentally, the very organ affected in ichthyosis. Its connection to bone health might not be immediately evident, leading to undesirable consequences.

A four-year-old boy, second born from a third degree consanguineous marriage, was referred with generalised erythema and diffuse scaling since birth and bowing of legs since the last two years. The mother reported a term birth via caesarean section. At birth, a collodion membrane necessitated a ten-day neonatal intensive care admission, after which erythema and loose dry scales appeared all over his body. A history of increased redness on photo-exposure inducing an avoidance of sun and epiphora was reported. Developmental milestones were appropriate for age. There were no other mucocutaneous or systemic associations. Two years ago, the child developed pain and difficulty in walking, with subsequent bowing of lower limbs. The family had never consulted any doctors for this since infancy.

On examination, diffuse, superficial, white powdery scales and mild erythema was noted over his face with ectropion [Figure 1a]. Similar scaling without erythema was noted over the body and the extremities. Pectus carinatum [Figure 1b] and anterior bowing of bilateral lower limbs were noted. Laboratory evaluation revealed vitamin D levels <3 ng/mL, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 1131 IU/L, parathyroid hormone (PTH) 173.9 pg/mL, and phosphate levels 3.8 mg/dL on admission. Radiological workup confirmed osteopenia, genu varum of distal femur and tibia, and severe metaphyseal changes, confirming the diagnosis of rickets [Figure 2a and 2b]. He was started on per-oral cholecalciferol 60,000 IU weekly for ten weeks and elemental calcium of 75 mg/kg/day for three months. Corrective surgery in the form of telescopic nailing with osteotomy was performed. The family was determined to continue their ayurvedic treatment and refused genetic testing, hence bland emollients were started. They were lost to follow-up post- discharge.

Figure 1a: Diffuse powdery scales overlying erythematous skin and bilateral ectropion.

Export to PPT

Figure 1b: Pectus carinatum with scaling without erythema over body and extremities.

Export to PPT

Figure 2a: Preoperative X-ray image of the right leg in lateral view showing anterior bowing of femur and distal one-third of the leg, metaphyseal cupping, medullary widening and thinning of cortices.

Export to PPT

Figure 2b: Preoperative X-ray image of left leg in anteroposterior view showing anterolateral bowing of distal femur, distal one-third of the leg, metaphyseal cupping, medullary widening and thinning of cortices.

Export to PPT

Vitamin D has a very close association to skin. Figure 3a shows the production, metabolism, and functions of vitamin D.1,3,4

Figure 3a: Production, metabolism, and functions of Vitamin D.

Export to PPT

Congenital ichthyoses are a heterogeneous group of disorders of cornification that are characterised by varying levels of scaling and/or erythema,5 and hence can affect vitamin D metabolism, making them susceptible to developing rickets and osteomalacia in children and adults, respectively.3 Vitamin D deficiency leading to hypocalcemia can present with varying amounts of extra osteal and osteal presentations. Subsequent effects on bone mineralisation are due to raised ALP and PTH levels [Figure 3b].3,6,7

Figure 3b: Congenital ichthyosis and vitamin D deficiency with its rachitic outcome.

Export to PPT

Non-syndromic and syndromic congenital Ichthyoses have been catalogued to be associated with vitamin D-deficient rickets. All the clinical, osseous, and biochemical findings of prior affected individuals have been summarised in Supplementary Table 1 from a comprehensive PubMed search of ‘congenital ichthyosis’ and ‘rickets’.1,4–6,8–23

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) is regarded as the most reliable indicator of a person’s vitamin D status. Many authorities classify deficiency as having a serum 25(OH)D concentration of <20 ng/mL. In a study done by Sethuraman et al., vitamin D deficiency in congenital ichthyosis was further classified as mild (10–20 ng/mL), moderate (5–10 ng/mL) and severe (<5 ng/mL). The majority of subjects tabulated in Supplementary Table 1 showed mean vitamin D levels of <5 ng/mL. A higher threshold of ‘normal’ vitamin D levels in such cases will ensure early detection and intervention, preventing flagrant deformities. Hence, maintaining a serum 25(OH)D >30 ng/mL is proposed as adequate.3 Moreover, serum 25(OH)D levels of ≤8 ng/mL and PTH ≥75 pg/mL have been shown to increase the risk of rickets in congenital ichthyosis, so a higher normal threshold for serum 25(OH)D levels of >30 ng/mL might have some credence.2

Diagnosis and management of vitamin D deficiency and calcipenic rickets thus includes various blood and osseous analysis.3 Treatment depends on low vitamin D levels with or without clinical rickets,2 and usually includes an intensive phase until signs of radiological healing are noted followed by a lifelong maintenance phase with annual evaluations [Supplementary Table 2].2,3,5,24,25

This report highlights the need to pre-emptively measure serum 25(OH)D levels in all patients of congenital ichthyosis so that an avoidable deformity and morbidity can be avoided. The triple jeopardy of congenital ichthyosis, social stigma, and rickets can further worsen the quality of life of such individuals. Vitamin D deficiency can be very easily corrected through per-oral supplementation, and procrastination in testing for this predictable deficiency can lead to detrimental effects on a child’s well-being.