Del Rio, C. & Malani, P. N. COVID-19 in the fall of 2023—forgotten but not gone. JAMA 330, 1517–1518 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haque, A. & Pant, A. B. Mitigating Covid-19 in the face of emerging virus variants, breakthrough infections and vaccine hesitancy. J. Autoimmun. 127, 102792 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bosman, J. They waited, they worried, they stalled. This week, they got the shot. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/24/us/covid-vaccine-hesitant.html (2021).

Mathieu, E., et al. Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations. Our World in Data. Retrieved December 6, 2022, from https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations (2022).

CDC. COVID data tracker. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home (2023).

Sallam, M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: A concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines 9, 160–160 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cao, J., Ramirez, C. M. & Alvarez, R. M. The politics of vaccine hesitancy in the United States. Soc. Sci. Q. 103, 42–54 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Jamieson, K. H., Romer, D., Jamieson, P. E., Winneg, K. M. & Pasek, J. The role of non–COVID-specific and COVID-specific factors in predicting a shift in willingness to vaccinate: A panel study. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 118, e2112266118 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jennings, W. et al. Lack of trust, conspiracy beliefs, and social media use predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines 9, 593 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Larson, H. J., Gakidou, E. & Murray, C. J. The vaccine-hesitant moment. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 58–65 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uslu, A., et al. The COVID States Project #63: The decision to not get vaccinated, from the perspective of the unvaccinated. COVID States Project. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/fazup (2021).

Cascini, F., Pantovic, A., Al-Ajlouni, Y., Failla, G. & Ricciardi, W. Attitudes, acceptance and hesitancy among the general population worldwide to receive the COVID-19 vaccines and their contributing factors: a systematic review. EclinicalMedicine 40, 101113 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Albuquerque Veloso Machado, M., Roberts, B., Wong, B. L. H., van Kessel, R. & Mossialos, E. The relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine hesitancy: a scoping review of literature until August 2021. Front Public Health 9, 747787–747787 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Allington, D., McAndrew, S., Moxham-Hall, V. & Duffy, B. Coronavirus conspiracy suspicions, general vaccine attitudes, trust and coronavirus information source as predictors of vaccine hesitancy among UK residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Med. 53, 236–247 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Soares, P. et al. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines 9, 300 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fridman, A., Gershon, R. & Gneezy, A. COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy: A longitudinal study. PloS one 16, e0250123 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Uyheng, J., Robertson, D. C. & Carley, K. M. Bridging online and offline dynamics of the face mask infodemic. BMC Digital Health 1, 27 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Romer, D., Winneg, K. M., Jamieson, P. E., Brensinger, C. & Jamieson, K. H. Misinformation about vaccine safety and uptake of COVID-19 vaccines among adults and 5–11-year-olds in the United States. Vaccine 40, 6463–6470 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Seng, J. J. B., Yeam, C. T., Huang, C. W., Tan, N. C. & Low, L. L. Pandemic-related health literacy: A systematic review of literature in COVID-19, SARS and MERS pandemics. Singapore Med. J. (2023).

Hegland, A., Zhang, A. L., Zichettella, B. & Pasek, J. A partisan pandemic: how COVID-19 was primed for polarization. ANNALS Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 700, 55–72 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Druckman, J. N., Klar, S., Krupnikov, Y., Levendusky, M. & Ryan, J. B. How affective polarization shapes Americans’ political beliefs: A study of response to the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Exp. Political Sci. 8, 223–234 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Motta, M., Stecula, D. & Farhart, C. How right-leaning media coverage of COVID-19 facilitated the spread of misinformation in the early stages of the pandemic in the US. Can. J. Political Sci. Rev. Canadienne de. Sci. Politique 53, 335–342 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization (WHO). Immunizing the public against misinformation. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/immunizing-the-public-against-misinformation (2020).

Al-Rawi, A., Fakida, A. & Grounds, K. Investigation of COVID-19 misinformation in Arabic on Twitter: Content analysis. JMIR Infodemiol. 2, e37007 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Bonnevie, E., Ricciulli, V., Fields, M. & O’Neill, R. Lessons learned from monitoring Spanish-language vaccine misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health Rep. 138, 586–592 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zeng, J. & Chan, C. H. A cross-national diagnosis of infodemics: comparing the topical and temporal features of misinformation around COVID-19 in China, India, the US, Germany and France. Online Inf. Rev. 45, 709–728 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Roozenbeek, J. et al. Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7, 201199 (2020).

Schück, S. et al. Concerns discussed on Chinese and French social media during the COVID-19 lockdown: Comparative infodemiology study based on topic modeling. JMIR Formative Res. 5, e23593 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Uwalaka, T., Nwala, B. & Chinedu, A. C. Social media, fake news and fake COVID-19 cures in Nigeria. J. Afr. Media Stud. 13, 435–449 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Savoia, E. et al. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Socio-demographics, co-morbidity, and past experience of racial discrimination. Vaccines 9, 767 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McElfish, P. A. et al. Sociodemographic determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, fear of infection, and protection self-efficacy. J. Prim. Care Community Health 12, 21501327211040746 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu, R. & Li, G. M. Hesitancy in the time of coronavirus: Temporal, spatial, and sociodemographic variations in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. SSM Popul. Health 15, 100896 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Naeem, S. B., Bhatti, R. & Khan, A. An exploration of how fake news is taking over social media and putting public health at risk. Health Inf. Libraries J. 38, 143–149 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Al-Zaman, M. S. COVID-19-related social media fake news in India. Journalism Media 2, 100–114 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Furini, M., Mirri, S., Montangero, M., & Prandi, C. Untangling between fake-news and truth in social media to understand the Covid-19 Coronavirus. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), 1-6 (IEEE, 2020).

Moon, W. K., Chung, M. & Jones-Jang, S. M. How can we fight partisan biases in the COVID-19 pandemic? AI source labels on fact-checking messages reduce motivated reasoning. Mass Commun. Soc. 26, 646–670 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Muric, G., Wu, Y. & Ferrara, E. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy on social media: building a public Twitter data set of antivaccine content, vaccine misinformation, and conspiracies. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 7, e30642 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Piedrahita-Valdés, H. et al. Vaccine hesitancy on social media: sentiment analysis from June 2011 to April 2019. Vaccines 9, 28 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suhaimi, N. M., et al. Social media use and COVID-19 vaccination intent: An exploratory study on the mediating role of information exposure. Interact. Comput. iwad009 35, 5 (2023).

Athey, S., Grabarz, K., Luca, M. & Wernerfelt, N. Digital public health interventions at scale: The impact of social media advertising on beliefs and outcomes related to COVID vaccines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 120, e2208110120 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kang, A. H., Kim, J. K., Ailshire, J. & Crimmins, E. M. Shingles vaccine uptake among older adults: Identifying early, later, and nonadopters. AJPM Focus 2, 100143 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Muise, D. et al. Quantifying partisan news diets in Web and TV audiences. Sci. Adv. 8, eabn0083 (2022).

Article  PubMed