Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Vecchione-Koval T, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2010–2014. Neuro Oncol. 2017;19:v1–v88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Sloan AE, Davis FG, Vigneau FD, Lai P, Sawaya RE. Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the metropolitan detroit cancer surveillance system. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2865–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sampson JH, Gunn MD, Fecci PE, Ashley DM. Brain immunology and immunotherapy in brain tumours. Nat Rev Cancer. 2020;20:12–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23:1231–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buerki RA, Chheda ZS, Okada H. Immunotherapy of primary brain tumors: facts and hopes. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24:5198–205.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chongsathidkiet P, Jackson C, Koyama S, Loebel F, Cui X, Farber SH, et al. Sequestration of T cells in bone marrow in the setting of glioblastoma and other intracranial tumors. Nat Med. 2018;24:1459–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeCordova S, Shastri A, Tsolaki AG, Yasmin H, Klein L, Singh SK, et al. Molecular heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironment in glioblastoma. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1402.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liebner S, Dijkhuizen RM, Reiss Y, Plate KH, Agalliu D, Constantin G. Functional morphology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;135:311–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ryken TC, McDermott M, Robinson PD, Ammirati M, Andrews DW, Asher AL, et al. The role of steroids in the management of brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol. 2010;96:103–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pitter KL, Tamagno I, Alikhanyan K, Hosni-Ahmed A, Pattwell SS, Donnola S, et al. Corticosteroids compromise survival in glioblastoma. Brain. 2016;139:1458–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang H, Xia L, Chen J, Zhang S, Martin V, Li Q, et al. Stress-glucocorticoid-TSC22D3 axis compromises therapy-induced antitumor immunity. Nat Med. 2019;25:1428–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Acharya N, Madi A, Zhang H, Klapholz M, Escobar G, Dulberg S, et al. Endogenous glucocorticoid signaling regulates CD8(+) T cell differentiation and development of dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment. Immunity. 2020;53:658–71.e656

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Collins N, Han SJ, Enamorado M, Link VM, Huang B, Moseman EA, et al. The bone marrow protects and optimizes immunological memory during dietary restriction. Cell. 2019;178:1088–101.e1015

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cain DW, Cidlowski JA. Immune regulation by glucocorticoids. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17:233–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sidler D, Renzulli P, Schnoz C, Berger B, Schneider-Jakob S, Flück C, et al. Colon cancer cells produce immunoregulatory glucocorticoids. Oncogene. 2011;30:2411–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Islam SA, Ling MF, Leung J, Shreffler WG, Luster AD. Identification of human CCR8 as a CCL18 receptor. J Exp Med. 2013;210:1889–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Farmaki E, Kaza V, Papavassiliou AG, Chatzistamou I, Kiaris H. Induction of the MCP chemokine cluster cascade in the periphery by cancer cell-derived Ccl3. Cancer Lett. 2017;389:49–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hou PP, Luo LJ, Chen HZ, Chen QT, Bian XL, Wu SF, et al. Ectosomal PKM2 promotes HCC by inducing macrophage differentiation and remodeling the tumor microenvironment. Mol Cell. 2020;78:1192–206.e1110

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knipfer L, Schulz-Kuhnt A, Kindermann M, Greif V, Symowski C, Voehringer D, et al. A CCL1/CCR8-dependent feed-forward mechanism drives ILC2 functions in type 2-mediated inflammation. J Exp Med. 2019;216:2763–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen XJ, Wei WF, Wang ZC, Wang N, Guo CH, Zhou CF, et al. A novel lymphatic pattern promotes metastasis of cervical cancer in a hypoxic tumour-associated macrophage-dependent manner. Angiogenesis. 2021;24:549–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lim JY, Ryu DB, Kim TW, Lee SE, Park G, Yoon HK, et al. CCL1 blockade alleviates human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in a murine sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease (Scl-GVHD) model. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11:254.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

King LB, Vacchio MS, Dixon K, Hunziker R, Margulies DH, Ashwell JD. A targeted glucocorticoid receptor antisense transgene increases thymocyte apoptosis and alters thymocyte development. Immunity. 1995;3:647–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu FW, Yasutomo K, Goodman GB, McHeyzer-Williams LJ, McHeyzer-Williams MG, Germain RN, et al. Thymocyte resistance to glucocorticoids leads to antigen-specific unresponsiveness due to “holes” in the T cell repertoire. Immunity. 2000;12:183–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rocamora-Reverte L, Reichardt HM, Villunger A, Wiegers G. T-cell autonomous death induced by regeneration of inert glucocorticoid metabolites. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8:e2948.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li L, Zhang T, Diao W, Jin F, Shi L, Meng J, et al. Role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in glucocorticoid-mediated amelioration of FSGS. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:2183–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schweingruber N, Fischer HJ, Fischer L, van den Brandt J, Karabinskaya A, Labi V, et al. Chemokine-mediated redirection of T cells constitutes a critical mechanism of glucocorticoid therapy in autoimmune CNS responses. Acta Neuropathol. 2014;127:713–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mittelstadt PR, Monteiro JP, Ashwell JD. Thymocyte responsiveness to endogenous glucocorticoids is required for immunological fitness. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:2384–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shimba A, Cui G, Tani-Ichi S, Ogawa M, Abe S, Okazaki F, et al. Glucocorticoids drive diurnal oscillations in T cell distribution and responses by inducing interleukin-7 receptor and CXCR4. Immunity. 2018;48:286–98.e286

Article  CAS  PubMed