Aletaha D, Smolen J (2005) The simplified Disease activity index (SDAI) and the clinical disease activity index (CDAI): a review of their usefulness and validity in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 23:S100-108

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ et al (2010) 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum 62:2569–2581. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.27584

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anderson RA (1998) Effects of chromium on body composition and weight loss. Nutr Rev 56:266–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01763.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA et al (1988) The American rheumatism association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31:315–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780310302

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arunkumar RI, Rajasekaran P, Michael RD (2000) Differential effect of chromium compounds on the immune response of the African mouth breeder Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Fish Shellfish Immunol 10:667–676. https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2000.0281

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balali-Mood M, Naseri K, Tahergorabi Z, Khazdair MR, Sadeghi M (2021) Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic. Front Pharmacol 12:643972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.643972

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cai Q, Xin Z, Zuo L, Li F, Liu B (2018) Alzheimer’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis: a mendelian randomization study. Front Neurosci 12:627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00627

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carbone F, Bonaventura A, Liberale L et al (2020) Atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: promoters and opponents. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 58:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8714-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng HH, Lai MH, Hou WC, Huang CL (2004) Antioxidant effects of chromium supplementation with type 2 diabetes mellitus and euglycemic subjects. J Agric Food Chem 52:1385–1389. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf035074j

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cleveland Clinic (2022) Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDS). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/22683-dmards. Accessed 26 May 2024.

Cohen S, Cannella A, Furst DE, Seo P (2024) atient education: Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in rheumatoid arthritis (Beyond the Basics). https://www.uptodate.com/contents/disease-modifying-antirheumatic-drugs-dmards-in-rheumatoid-arthritis-beyond-the-basics. Accessed 6 May 2024

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products N, Allergies (2014) Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for chromium. EFSA J 12:3845

Article  Google Scholar 

European Medicines Agency (2017) Olumiant. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/olumiant. Accessed 10 May 2024.

European Medicines Agency (2024) Olumiant: EPAR – Product Information. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/olumiant. Accessed 26 May 2024.

Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M et al (1995) American college of rheumatology. preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 38:727–735. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780380602

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feng W, Liu Y, Fei F et al (2018) Improvement of high-glucose and insulin resistance of chromium malate in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity signaling pathways and its mechanism. RSC Adv 9:114–127. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra07470d

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fleming A, Crown JM, Corbett M (1976) Early rheumatoid disease. I Onset Ann Rheum Dis 35:357–360. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.35.4.357

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grunke M, Witt MN, Ronneberger M et al (2012) Use of the 28-joint count yields significantly higher concordance between different examiners than the 66/68-joint count. J Rheumatol 39:1334–1340. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.110677

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hassouna SS, Sheta E, Zaki I, Harby SA, Allam EA (2022) Trivalent chromium supplementation ameliorates adjuvant induced rheumatoid arthritis through up-regulation of FOXP3 and decrease in synovial Cathepsin G expression. Inflammopharmacology 30:2181–2195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-022-01025-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hintze J (2000) PASS 2000. NCSS, LLC, Kaysville, Utah, USA

Hoffman NJ, Penque BA, Habegger KM, Sealls W, Tackett L, Elmendorf JS (2014) Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK. J Nutr Biochem 25:565–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.007

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

https://www.webmd.com/diet/supplement-guide-chromium

Hua Y, Clark S, Ren J, Sreejayan N (2012) Molecular mechanisms of chromium in alleviating insulin resistance. J Nutr Biochem 23:313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.11.001

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jain SK, Croad JL, Velusamy T, Rains JL, Bull R (2010) Chromium dinicocysteinate supplementation can lower blood glucose, CRP, MCP-1, ICAM-1, creatinine, apparently mediated by elevated blood vitamin C and adiponectin and inhibition of NFkappaB, Akt, and Glut-2 in livers of zucker diabetic fatty rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 54:1371–1380. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900177

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Keystone EC, Taylor PC, Drescher E et al (2015) Safety and efficacy of baricitinib at 24 weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis 74:333–340. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206478

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kolahian S, Sadri H, Shahbazfar AA, Amani M, Mazadeh A, Mirani M (2015) The effects of leucine, zinc, and chromium supplements on inflammatory events of the respiratory system in type 2 Diabetic Rats. PLoS ONE 10:e0133374. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133374

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Komorowski JR, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Juturu V, Orhan C, Ulas M, Sahin K (2012) Chromium picolinate modulates serotonergic properties and carbohydrate metabolism in a rat model of diabetes. Biol Trace Elem Res 149:50–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9393-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar BS, Suneetha P, Mohan A, Kumar DP, Sarma KVS (2017) Comparison of disease activity score in 28 joints with ESR (DAS28), Clinical disease activity index (CDAI), health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI) and routine assessment of patient index data with 3 measures (RAPID3) for assessing disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis at initial presentation. Indian J Med Res 146:S57-s62. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_701_15

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lentini P, Zanoli L, Granata A, Signorelli SS, Castellino P, Dell’Aquila R (2017) Kidney and heavy metals-the role of environmental exposure (Review). Mol Med Rep 15:3413–3419. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.6389

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Majithia V, Geraci SA (2007) Rheumatoid arthritis: diagnosis and management. Am J Med 120:936–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.04.005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCarty MF (1995) Anabolic effects of insulin on bone suggest a role for chromium picolinate in preservation of bone density. Med Hypotheses 45:241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(95)90112-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (2020) Baricitinib (Olumiant): increased risk of diverticulitis, particularly in patients with risk factors. https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/baricitinib-olumiant-increased-risk-of-diverticulitis-particularly-in-patients-with-risk-factors. Accessed 26 May 2024.

Mohamed S (2016) Evaluation of Chromium and Manganese level in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. J Biomed Res 2.

Moradi F, Maleki V, Saleh-Ghadimi S, Kooshki F, Pourghassem Gargari B (2019) Potential roles of chromium on inflammatory biomarkers in diabetes: a Systematic. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 46:975–983. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13144