Ahmadpanah M, Amini S, Mazdeh M, Haghighi M, Soltanian A, Jahangard L, Keshavarzi A, Brand S (2023) Effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) add-on therapy to a standard treatment in individuals with multiple sclerosis and concomitant symptoms of depression-results from a randomized clinical trial and pilot study. J Clin Med 12:2525

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alarcia R, Ara JR, Martín J, Bertol V (2004) [Predicting factors for depression in multiple sclerosis]. Neurologia 19:364–368

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alba Palé L, León Caballero J, Samsó Buxareu B, Salgado Serrano P, Pérez Solà V (2017) Systematic review of depression in patients with multiple sclerosis and its relationship to interferonß treatment. Mult Scler Relat Disord 17:138–143

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alharbi NA, Alawi SH, Alharbi YM, Alharbi MY, Alsamarh TN, Aldubaiyan AA, Alwasil SA, Alomairi AA (2022) Prevalence of depression and anxiety among adult patients with multiple sclerosis at Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 27:71–78

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alhussain H, Aldayel AA, Alenazi A, Alowain F (2020) Multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: prevalence of depression and its extent of severity. Cureus 12:e7005

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alirezaei M, Eskandarieh S, Sahraian MA, Naser Moghadasi A (2022) Depression, anxiety, and fear of COVID-19 in patients with multiple sclerosis in pandemic era: a cross-sectional study. Neurol Sci 43:59–66

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

AlSaeed S, Aljouee T, Alkhawajah NM, Alarieh R, AlGarni H, Aljarallah S, Ayyash M, Abu-Shaheen A (2022) Fatigue, depression, and anxiety among ambulating multiple sclerosis patients. Front Immunol 13:844461

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alswat AM, Altirkistani BA, Alserihi AR, Baeshen OK, Alrushid ES, Alkhudair J, Aldbas AA, Wadaan OM, Alsaleh A, Al Malik YM, Abulaban AA, Makkawi S (2023) The prevalence of major depression and generalized anxiety disorder in patients with multiple sclerosis in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional multicentered study. Front Psychiatry 14:1195101

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Altieri M, Cerciello F, Gallo A, Santangelo G (2024) The relationship between depression and cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Clin Neuropsychol 38:21–41

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American P, Association, Association AP (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC, USA; London, UK

Google Scholar 

Anderson JR, Fitzgerald KC, Murrough JW, Katz Sand IB, Sorets TR, Krieger SC, Riley CS, Fabian MT, Sumowski JF (2023) Depression symptoms and cognition in multiple sclerosis: longitudinal evidence of a specific link to executive control. Mult Scler 29:1632–1645

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Antypa D, Simos NJ, Panou T, Spyridaki E, Kagialis A, Kosteletou E, Kavroulakis E, Mastorodemos V, Papadaki E (2023) Distinct hemodynamic and functional connectivity features of fatigue in clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis: accounting for the confounding effect of concurrent depression symptoms. Neuroradiology 65:1287–1300

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnold E (2022) Anxiety DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and treatment overview. HealthCentral LLC:https://www.medcentral.com/behavioral-mental/anxiety/anxiety-chronic-pain-and-the-brain

Ashton K, Fuchs TA, Oship D, Zivadinov R, Jakimovski D, Bergsland N, Ramasamy DP, Vaughn C, Weinstock-Guttman B, Benedict RHB, Dwyer MG (2021) Diagnosis of depression in multiple sclerosis is predicted by frontal-parietal white matter tract disruption. J Neurol 268:169–177

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baidina TV, Trushnikova TN, Danilova MA (2018) [Interferon-induced depression and peripheral blood serotonin in patients with multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 118:77–81

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bakshi R, Czarnecki D, Shaikh ZA, Priore RL, Janardhan V, Kaliszky Z, Kinkel PR (2000) Brain MRI lesions and atrophy are related to depression in multiple sclerosis. NeuroReport 11:1153–1158

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baldt J, Frahm N, Hecker M, Streckenbach B, Langhorst SE, Mashhadiakbar P, Burian K, Meißner J, Heidler F, Richter J, Zettl UK (2023) Depression and anxiety in association with polypharmacy in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Med 12:5379

Baller EB, Sweeney EM, Cieslak M, Robert-Fitzgerald T, Covitz SC, Martin ML, Schindler MK, Bar-Or A, Elahi A, Larsen BS, Manning AR, Markowitz CE, Perrone CM, Rautman V, Seitz MM, Detre JA, Fox MD, Shinohara RT, Satterthwaite TD (2023) Mapping the relationship of white matter lesions to depression in multiple sclerosis. Biol Psychiatry S 0006–3223:01722–01725

Google Scholar 

Bamer AM, Cetin K, Johnson KL, Gibbons LE, Ehde DM (2008) Validation study of prevalence and correlates of depressive symptomatology in multiple sclerosis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 30:311–317

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beiske AG, Svensson E, Sandanger I, Czujko B, Pedersen ED, Aarseth JH, Myhr KM (2008) Depression and anxiety amongst multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Neurol 15:239–245

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berg D, Supprian T, Thomae J, Warmuth-Metz M, Horowski A, Zeiler B, Magnus T, Rieckmann P, Becker G (2000) Lesion pattern in patients with multiple sclerosis and depression. Mult Scler 6:156–162

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berzins SA, Bulloch AG, Burton JM, Dobson KS, Fick GH, Patten SB (2017) Determinants and incidence of depression in multiple sclerosis: a prospective cohort study. J Psychosom Res 99:169–176

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bilek F, Cetisli-Korkmaz N, Ercan Z, Deniz G, Demir CF (2022) Aerobic exercise increases irisin serum levels and improves depression and fatigue in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord 61:103742

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boeschoten RE, Braamse AMJ, Beekman ATF, Cuijpers P, van Oppen P, Dekker J, Uitdehaag BMJ (2017) Prevalence of depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci 372:331–341

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bogaardt H, Golan D, Barrera MA, Attrill S, Kaczmarek O, Zarif M, Bumstead B, Buhse M, Wilken J, Doniger GM, Hancock LM, Penner IK, Halper J, Morrow SA, Covey TJ, Gudesblatt M (2023) Cognitive impairment, fatigue and depression in multiple sclerosis: is there a difference between benign and non-benign MS? Mult Scler Relat Disord 73:104630

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonavita S, Sacco R, Esposito S, d’Ambrosio A, Della Corte M, Corbo D, Docimo R, Gallo A, Lavorgna L, Cirillo M, Bisecco A, Esposito F, Tedeschi G (2017) Default mode network changes in multiple sclerosis: a link between depression and cognitive impairment? Eur J Neurol 24:27–36

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brasanac J, Ramien C, Gamradt S, Taenzer A, Glau L, Ritter K, Patas K, Agorastos A, Wiedemann K, Demiralay C, Fischer F, Otte C, Bellmann-Strobl J, Friese MA, Tolosa E, Paul F, Heesen C, Weygandt M, Gold SM (2022) Immune signature of multiple sclerosis-associated depression. Brain Behav Immun 100:174–182

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brenner P, Burkill S, Jokinen J, Hillert J, Bahmanyar S, Montgomery S (2016) Multiple sclerosis and risk of attempted and completed suicide - a cohort study. Eur J Neurol 23:1329–1336

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Briones-Buixassa L, Montañés-Masias B, Milà-Villaroel R, Arrufat FX, Aragonès JM, Norton S, Bort-Roig J, Moss-Morris R (2023) The bidirectional effect of stress and functionality in multiple sclerosis and the interaction role of anxiety, coping and social support. J Psychosom Res 170:111375

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruno A, Dolcetti E, Rizzo FR, Fresegna D, Musella A, Gentile A, De Vito F, Caioli S, Guadalupi L, Bullitta S, Vanni V, Balletta S, Sanna K, Buttari F, Stampanoni Bassi M, Centonze D, Mandolesi G (2020) Inflammation-associated synaptic alterations as shared threads in depression and multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 14:169

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Byatt N, Rothschild AJ, Riskind P, Ionete C, Hunt AT (2011) Relationships between multiple sclerosis and depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 23:198–200

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carotenuto A, Wilson H, Giordano B, Caminiti SP, Chappell Z, Williams SCR, Hammers A, Silber E, Brex P, Politis M (2020) Impaired connectivity within neuromodulatory networks in multiple sclerosis and clinical implications. J Neurol 267:2042–2053

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carotenuto A, Scandurra C, Costabile T, Lavorgna L, Borriello G,