Acknowledgements

We would like thank all participants in this study, as well as the staff of the University of Chicago Clinical Research Center for assistance. Some of the data were presented as an abstract at the Endocrine Society meeting in June 2023.

Data availability

Data associated with this manuscript will be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Eye Institute (R01EY029782, R01EY026004, P30EY001792), NIDDK P30 DK020595 and The Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS) UL1TR002003.

Authors’ relationships and activities

SR received speaker fees from Eli Lily. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

Contribution statement

SR, JJM, and ECH contributed substantially to the conception and design of the work, contributed to data acquisition, analysis and interpretation, drafted the article and reviewed it critically for important intellectual content, and approved the final version to be published. JCP contributed substantially to the conception and design of the work, contributed to data acquisition, analysis and interpretation, reviewed the article critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version to be published. AC, JL, and SS contributed to data acquisition, reviewed the article critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version to be published. FYC, KKD, BP, S. Panain and EVC contributed substantially to the conception and design of the work, reviewed the article critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version to be published. S. Pratuangtham contributed to data analysis and interpretation, reviewed the article critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version to be published.