• Moheet AM, Livesay SL, Abdelhak T, Bleck TP, Human T, Karanjia N, et al. Standards for neurologic critical care units: a statement for healthcare professionals from The Neurocritical Care Society. Neurocrit Care. 2018;29(2):145–60. This article is the first to highlight infrastructure, personnel, and procedural standards for free standing neurologic intensive care units established by the Neurocritical Care Society. It recommends multidisciplinary staffing including participation of a clinical pharmacist experienced in neurocritical care.

Cowen DL, Helfand WH. Pharmacy : an illustrated history. New York: Abrams; 1990. p. 272.

Google Scholar 

Erstad BL, Webb CE. A brief history of pharmacy specialization in the United States. JACCP J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2020;3(8):1464–70.

Dasta JF. Evolving role of the pharmacist in the critical care environment. J Clin Anesthesia. 1996;8(3, Supplement):S99–S102.

Redell MA. Evolving role of the pharmacist in critical care. Crit Care Med. 1993;21(7):1098–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sateren LA, Streit RJ. Decentralization of pharmaceutical services in a large hospital complex. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1986;43(11):2785–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudis MI, Brandl KM. Position paper on critical care pharmacy services. Society of Critical Care Medicine and American College of Clinical Pharmacy Task Force on Critical Care Pharmacy Services. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(11):3746–50.

Dasta JF. Critical care pharmacy update. Ann Pharmacother. 1992;26(6):823–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brent RJ, Poltorak I. The pharmacist as a trauma team member. Hosp Pharm. 1987;22(2):152–5.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coglianese NM, Jarrett JB. Value of a clinical pharmacy on-call program on postgraduate year one pharmacy residents. JACCP J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2019;2(5):531–6.

• Lat I, Paciullo C, Daley MJ, MacLaren R, Bolesta S, McCann J, et al. Position paper on critical care pharmacy services: 2020 update. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(9):e813–e34. This updated statement describes standards and scope of practice for clinical pharmacists practicing in critical care with a focus on five domains - patient care, quality improvement, research and scholarship, training and education, and professional development.

Hilgarth H, Wichmann D, Baehr M, Kluge S, Langebrake C. Clinical pharmacy services in critical care: results of an observational study comparing ward-based with remote pharmacy services. Int J Clin Pharm. 2023.

Belcher RM, Blair A, Chauv S, Hoang Q, Hickman AW, Peng M, et al. Implementation and impact of critical care pharmacist addition to a telecritical care network. Crit Care Explor. 2023;5(1): e0839.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Magrum B, Smetana KS, Thompson M, Elefritz JL, Phelps M, Trolli E, et al. Characterization of medication discrepancies and interventions resulting from pharmacy-led medication reconciliation in the critical care setting. J Pharm Pract. 2023:8971900221149788.

Bourne RS, Dorward BJ. Clinical pharmacist interventions on a UK neurosurgical critical care unit: a 2-week service evaluation. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33(5):755–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

MacLaren R, Bond CA, Martin SJ, Fike D. Clinical and economic outcomes of involving pharmacists in the direct care of critically ill patients with infections. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(12):3184–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Lee H, Ryu K, Sohn Y, Kim J, Suh GY, Kim E. Impact on patient outcomes of pharmacist participation in multidisciplinary critical care teams: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(9):1243–50. This large meta-analysis provided data to support positive outcomes on mortality, length of stay, and prevention of adverse events when clinical pharmacists are included on the ICU team.

Rech MA, Gurnani PK, Peppard WJ, Smetana KS, Van Berkel MA, Hammond DA, et al. PHarmacist avoidance or reductions in medical costs in CRITically Ill adults: PHARM-CRIT study. Crit Care Explor. 2021;3(12): e0594.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weant KA, Armitstead JA, Ladha AM, Sasaki-Adams D, Hadar EJ, Ewend MG. Cost effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist on a neurosurgical team. Neurosurgery. 2009;65(5):946–50; discussion 50–1.

Jones GM, Bode L, Riha H, Erdman MJ. Safety of continuous peripheral infusion of 3% sodium chloride solution in neurocritical care patients. Am J Crit Care. 2016;26(1):37–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haller JT, Smetana K, Erdman MJ, Miano TA, Riha HM, Rinaldi A, et al. An association between hyperchloremia and acute kidney injury in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neurohospitalist. 2020;10(4):250–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Human T, Cook AM, Anger B, Bledsoe K, Castle A, Deen D, et al. Treatment of hyponatremia in patients with acute neurological injury. Neurocrit Care. 2017;27(2):242–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewin JJ 3rd, Cook AM, Gonzales C, Merola D, Neyens R, Peppard WJ, et al. Current practices of intraventricular antibiotic therapy in the treatment of meningitis and ventriculitis: results from a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Neurocrit Care. 2019;30(3):609–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Panos NG, Cook AM, John S, Jones GM. Factor Xa inhibitor-related intracranial hemorrhage: results from a multicenter, observational cohort receiving prothrombin complex concentrates. Circulation. 2020;141(21):1681–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cook AM, Arora S, Davis J, Pittman T. Augmented renal clearance of vancomycin and levetiracetam in a traumatic brain injury patient. Neurocrit Care. 2013;19(2):210–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cook AM, Castle A, Green A, Lesch C, Morrison C, Rhoney D, et al. Practice variations in the management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012;17(1):24–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahmoud SH, Hefny FR, Panos NG, Delucilla L, Ngan Z, Perreault MM, et al. Comparison of nimodipine formulations and administration techniques via enteral feeding tubes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Pharmacotherapy. 2023;43(4):279–90.

Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, Alldredge B, Bleck TP, Glauser T, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012;17(1):3–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cook AM, Morgan Jones G, Hawryluk GWJ, Mailloux P, McLaughlin D, Papangelou A, et al. Guidelines for the acute treatment of cerebral edema in neurocritical care patients. Neurocrit Care. 2020;32(3):647–66.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frontera JA, Lewin JJ 3rd, Rabinstein AA, Aisiku IP, Alexandrov AW, Cook AM, et al. Guideline for reversal of antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from the neurocritical care society and society of critical care medicine. Neurocrit Care. 2016;24(1):6–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nyquist P, Bautista C, Jichici D, Burns J, Chhangani S, DeFilippis M, et al. Prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in neurocritical care patients: an evidence-based guideline: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society. Neurocrit Care. 2016;24(1):47–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moheet AM, Shapshak AH, Brissie MA, Abulhasan YB, Brophy GM, Frontera J, et al. Neurocritical care resource utilization in pandemics: a statement by the Neurocritical Care Society. Neurocrit Care. 2020;33(1):13–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar